{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:36:09Z","timestamp":1762324569218,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK072488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK072488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 I01 CX001310-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 I01 CX001310-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular parasite infecting one third of the world\u2019s population. Latent T. gondii infection has been associated with mental illness, including schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. T. gondii IgG antibody titers were measured via ELISA. The heritability of T. gondii IgG was estimated using a mixed model that included fixed effects for age and sex and random kinship effect. Of 2017 Old Order Amish participants, 1098 had positive titers (54.4%). The heritability for T. gondii serointensity was estimated to be 0.22 (p = 1.7 \u00d7 10\u22128 and for seropositivity, it was estimated to be 0.28 (p = 1.9 \u00d7 10\u22125). Shared household environmental effects (i.e., household effects) were also determined. Household effects, modeled as a random variable, were assessed as the phenotypic covariance between any two individuals who had the same current address (i.e., contemporaneous household), and nuclear household (i.e., the phenotypic covariance between parents and children only, not other siblings or spouses). Household effects did not account for a significant proportion of variance in either T. gondii serointensity or T. gondii seropositivity. Our results suggest a significant familial aggregation of T. gondii serointensity and seropositivity with significant heritability. The shared household does not contribute significantly to family aggregation with T. gondii, suggesting that there are possible unmeasured non-household shared and non-shared environmental factors that may play a significant role. Furthermore, the small but significant heritability effects justify the exploration of genetic vulnerability to T. gondii exposure, infection, virulence, and neurotropism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T04:12:52Z","timestamp":1570162372000},"page":"3732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii Serointensity and Seropositivity: Heritability and Household-Related Associations in the Old Order Amish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Allyson R.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20201, USA"},{"name":"College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Pavlovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3920-5575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Lowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Daue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uttam K.","family":"Raheja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 O.","family":"Markon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecile M.","family":"Punzalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Dagdag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toni I.","family":"Pollin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6231-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Seyfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen W.","family":"Groer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Braxton D.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teodor T.","family":"Postolache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20201, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN 5), VA Capitol Health Care Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flegr, J., Prandota, J., Sovickova, M., and Israili, Z.H. 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