{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:18:33Z","timestamp":1762543113985,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001061","name":"Rebecca L. Cooper Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seasonality in glucose metabolism has been observed in adult populations; however, little is known of the associations between season and glucose metabolism in children. In this study, we examined whether markers of glucose metabolism (fasting glucose, insulin and HbA1c) varied by season in a paediatric population (6\u201313 years of age) located in Perth (Western Australia, n = 262) with data categorised by weight. Linear regression was used to analyse the nature of the relationships between mean daily levels of terrestrial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (prior to the day of the blood test) and measures of glucose metabolism. Fasting blood glucose was significantly lower in autumn compared to spring, for children in combined, normal and obese weight categories. Fasting insulin was significantly lower in autumn and summer compared to winter for individuals of normal weight. HbA1c was significantly higher in summer (compared with winter and spring) in overweight children, which was in the opposite direction to other published findings in adults. In children with obesity, a strong inverse relationship (r = \u22120.67, p = 0.002) was observed for fasting glucose, and daily terrestrial UVR levels measured in the previous 6 months. Increased safe sun exposure in winter therefore represents a plausible means of reducing fasting blood sugar in children with obesity. However, further studies, using larger paediatric cohorts are required to confirm these relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T04:12:52Z","timestamp":1570162372000},"page":"3734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Season, Terrestrial Ultraviolet Radiation, and Markers of Glucose Metabolism in Children Living in Perth, Western Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6872, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lana M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), Yallambie 3085, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), Yallambie 3085, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aris","family":"Siafarikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6872, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle 6160, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7111-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelley","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth 6872, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60614-4","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes across generations: From pathophysiology to prevention and management","volume":"378","author":"Nolan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622314548679","article-title":"Early onset type 2 diabetes: Risk factors, clinical impact and management","volume":"5","author":"Wilmot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. 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