{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:09:38Z","timestamp":1791464978753,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SMN-13950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMN-13950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU Health Programme 2014-2020","award":["20187106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20187106"]}]},{"name":"Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (Chafea)","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (Australia)","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE)","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The object of this contribution based on a systematic review of the literature is to examine to what degree the level of use and potency play a role in regulatory policies for alcohol, other psychoactive substances and gambling, and whether there is an evidence base for this role. Level of use is usually defined around a behavioural pattern of the user (for example, cigarettes smoked per day, or average ethanol use in grams per day), while potency is defined as a property or characteristic of the substance. For all substances examined (alcohol, tobacco, opioids, cannabis) and gambling, both dimensions were taken into consideration in the formulation of most regulatory policies. However, the associations between both dimensions and regulatory policies were not systematic, and not always based on evidence. Future improvements are suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T10:54:58Z","timestamp":1570186498000},"page":"3749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Regulatory Policies for Alcohol, other Psychoactive Substances and Addictive Behaviours: The Role of Level of Use and Potency. A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str., 8, b. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0448-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Cr\u00e9pault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3115-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Lachenmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemisches und Veterin\u00e4runtersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Room","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bundit","family":"Sornpaisarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, P., Braddick, F., Conrod, P., Gual, A., Hellman, M., Matrai, S., Miller, D., Nutt, D., Rehm, J., and Reynolds, J. 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