{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:16:07Z","timestamp":1790417767330,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Systems Research Institute (Thailand)","award":["60-073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60-073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study determined the presence of important antibiotic-resistant bacteria in selected environments in Thailand, including wastewater samples from 60 hospitals; washed fluid, leachate, flies, cockroaches, and rats collected from five open markets; washed fluid from garbage trucks; and stabilized leachate from a landfill facility. At least one type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was isolated from all samples of influent fluid before treatment in hospitals, from wastewater treatment tank content in hospitals, and from 15% of effluent fluid samples after treatment with chlorine prior to draining it into a public water source. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were recovered from 80% of washed market fluid samples, 60% of market leachate samples, all fly samples, 80% of cockroach samples, and all samples of intestinal content of rats collected from the open markets. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were recovered from all samples from the landfill. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and\/or Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria recovered from all types of samples, followed by carbapenem-resistant E. coli and\/or K. pneumoniae. Colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Psuedomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were less common. These findings suggest extensive contamination by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital and community environment in Thailand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T03:34:01Z","timestamp":1570419241000},"page":"3753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Contamination by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Selected Environments in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Visanu","family":"Thamlikitkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surapee","family":"Tiengrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narisara","family":"Thamthaweechok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeyanuch","family":"Buranapakdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Environmental Health, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilai","family":"Chiemchaisri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. 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