{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:16:27Z","timestamp":1768461387480,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]],"date-time":"2019-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012283","name":"Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFRPG6J0051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFRPG6J0051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012283","name":"Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFRPG6J0061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFRPG6J0061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Deep neck infection (DNI) can progress to become a life-threatening complication. Liver cirrhosis, which is related to poor immune conditions, is a likely risk factor for DNI. This study investigated the risk and mortality of DNI in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC). Methods: We performed a nationwide cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan. We included a total of 33,175 patients with DLC between 2000 and 2013, from the Catastrophic Illness Patient Database, a subsection of the NHIRD, along with 33,175 patients without cirrhosis who were matched in a 1:1 proportion for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The occurrence of DNI was the primary study outcome. The risk, treatment, and mortalities of DNI were evaluated in the study and comparison cohorts. Results: DLC Patients had a significantly higher incidence of DNI than noncirrhotic patients (p &lt; 0.001). The adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression showed that DLC was associated with a significantly higher risk of DNI (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.11; 95% confidence interval, 3.16\u20135.35, p &lt; 0.001). The mortality rate in cirrhotic patients with DNI was not significantly higher than that in noncirrhotic patients with DNI (11.6% vs. 9.8%; p = 0.651). Conclusions: This study is the first to investigate the correlation between DLC and DNI. The study findings strongly indicate that DLC is an independent risk factor for DNI. Cirrhotic patients with DNI do not have a significantly poorer survival rate than noncirrhotic patients with DNI. Therefore, physicians should be alert to potential DNI occurrence in DLC patients. Besides this, intensive care and appropriate surgical drainage can yield similar survival outcomes in DLC-DNI and noncirrhosis-DNI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T03:54:13Z","timestamp":1571025253000},"page":"3863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Association Between Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis and Deep Neck Infection: Real-World Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9314-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Shao","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geng-He","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Yen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8594-3360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Hung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6492-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pey-Jium","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Te","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3792-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Ming","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Hsu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, G.H., Ding, M.C., Chen, Y.C., Yang, Y.H., Liu, C.Y., Chang, P.J., Lee, C.P., Lin, M.H., Hsu, C.M., and Wu, C.Y. 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