{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T17:33:14Z","timestamp":1789061594888,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFD0800201, 2017YFD0801204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0800201, 2017YFD0801204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences","award":["KJCX20180708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJCX20180708"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of gaseous emission (methane\u2014CH4, carbon dioxide\u2014CO2, nitrous oxide\u2014N2O, nitric oxide\u2014NO, hydrogen sulfide\u2014H2S and sulfur dioxide\u2014SO2) and the conservation of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) during cattle manure composting under different aeration strategies. Three aeration strategies were set as C60, C100, and I60, representing the different combinations of aeration method (continuous\u2014C or intermittent\u2014I) and aeration rate (60 or 100 L\u00b7min\u22121\u00b7m\u22123). Results showed that C, N, S mass was reduced by 48.8\u201353.1%, 29.8\u201335.9% and 19.6\u201321.9%, respectively, after the composing process. Among the three strategies, the intermittent aeration treatment I60 obtained the highest N2O emissions, resulting in the highest N loss and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when the GHG emissions from power consumption were not considered. Within two continuous aeration treatments, lower aeration rates in C60 caused lower CO2, N2O, NO, and SO2 emissions but higher CH4 emissions than those from C100. Meanwhile, C and N losses were also lowest in the C60 treatment. H2S emission was not detected because of the more alkaline pH of the compost material. Thus, C60 can be recommended for cattle manure composting because of its nutrient conservation and mitigation of major gas and GHG emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T04:46:06Z","timestamp":1571287566000},"page":"3930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Characteristics of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur Transformation During Cattle Manure Composting\u2014Based on Different Aeration Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100087, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanjiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100087, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100087, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Construction School, Beijing City University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100087, China"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyuan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100087, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongke","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100087, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Xinhuanet (2019, September 23). 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