{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:36Z","timestamp":1772252856358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2007-70X-20514-01-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2007-70X-20514-01-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2010-70X-20514-04-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2010-70X-20514-04-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-01327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-01327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Asia Link","award":["348-2006-6633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["348-2006-6633"]}]},{"name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency and Stockholm University","award":["2016-04-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-04-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics are over-prescribed in low-and-middle-income countries, where the infection rate is high. The global paucity of standard treatment guidelines and reliable diagnose-specific prescription data from high-infection risk departments such as the otorhinolaryngology (ENT: ears, nose and throat) is a barrier to rationalize antibiotic use and combat antibiotic resistance. The study was conducted to present diagnose-specific antibiotic prescribing patterns of five years at ENT inpatient departments of two private-sector Indian hospitals. Data of all consecutive inpatients (n = 3527) were collected but analyzed for the inpatients aged &gt;15 years (n = 2909) using the World Health Organization\u2019s methodologies. Patient records were divided into four diagnoses groups: surgical, non-surgical, chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), and others. Of 2909 inpatients, 51% had surgical diagnoses. An average of 83% of patients in the clean surgery group and more than 75% in the viral and non-infectious groups were prescribed antibiotics. CSOM was the most common diagnosis (31%), where 90% of inpatients were prescribed antibiotics. Overall, third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones were most commonly prescribed. This study highlights the inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics to patients of clean surgeries, viral infections, and non-infectious groups. The single-prophylactic dose of antibiotic for clean-contaminated surgeries was replaced by the prolonged empirical prescribing. The use of microbiology investigations was insignificant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1571973636000},"page":"4074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnose-Specific Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns at Otorhinolaryngology Inpatient Departments of Two Private Sector Healthcare Facilities in Central India: A Five-Year Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Silfwerbrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumeer","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"Sj\u00f6kvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-1861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"St\u00e5lsby Lundborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). 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