{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:49:07Z","timestamp":1760240947538,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of teh Assitant Secretary for Defense for Health Affiars, Gulf War Illness Program","award":["W81XWH-09-2-0084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-09-2-0084"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Approximately 30% of the 700,000 US veterans of the 1990\u20131991 Persian Gulf War developed multiple persistent symptoms called Gulf War illness. While the etiology is uncertain, several toxic exposures including pesticides and chemical warfare agents have shown associations. There is no effective medical treatment. An intervention to enhance detoxification developed by Hubbard has improved quality of life and\/or reduced body burdens in other cohorts. We evaluated its feasibility and efficacy in ill Gulf War (GW) veterans in a randomized, waitlist-controlled, pilot study at a community-based rehabilitation facility in the United States. Eligible participants (n = 32) were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 22) or a four-week waitlist control (n = 10). The daily 4\u20136 week intervention consisted of exercise, sauna-induced sweating, crystalline nicotinic acid and other supplements. Primary outcomes included recruitment, retention and safety; and efficacy was measured via Veteran\u2019s Short Form-36 (SF-36) quality of life, McGill pain, multidimensional fatigue inventory questionnaires and neuropsychological batteries. Scoring of outcomes was blinded. All 32 completed the trial and 21 completed 3-month follow-up. Mean SF-36 physical component summary score after the intervention was 6.9 (95% CI; \u22120.3, 14.2) points higher compared to waitlist control and 11 of 16 quality of life, pain and fatigue measures improved, with no serious adverse events. Most improvements were retained after 3 months. The Hubbard regimen was feasible, safe and might offer relief for symptoms of GW illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1572237871000},"page":"4143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Detoxification Intervention for Gulf War Illness: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Kerr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gayle","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Sage Colleges, Troy, NY 12180, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12144, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Sage Colleges, Troy, NY 12180, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Health Research Centre, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0037-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Lipowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trillium Gift of Life Network, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Toronto, ON M5G 2C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4841-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David O.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12144, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans\u2019 Illnesses (2008). 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