{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:58:28Z","timestamp":1774029508665,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS9974-4\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS9974-4\/2008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Univerzita Karlova v Praze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Q16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a sample of children who were exclusively or predominantly breastfed for at least 6 months compared to Czech references that were constructed based on a representative sample of children, regardless of their mode of feeding. Between 2008 and 2011, a longitudinal study on the growth of breastfed infants was carried out in the Czech Republic. Forty-three GP pediatricians addressed parents at 18-month preventive examinations and collected data on the families\u2019 socio-economic conditions and the infants\u2019 feeding conditions. The children were measured (length, weight, and head circumference), and anthropometric measurements from 10 previous preventive examinations were obtained from the health records. Out of the collected 1775 questionnaires, 960 children were selected according to the criteria of the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. For the purpose of this study, 799 children who were exclusively or predominantly breastfed for at least 6 months were selected. We found that the proportions of children who were classified as overweight (&gt;90th percentile) or obese (&gt;97th percentile) at 6, 12, and 18-month examinations were far below the proportions of the Czech references. An update of the Czech references and growth charts is highly recommended by GP pediatricians for the valid assessment of growth and nutritional status, including a screening of overweight and obesity in primary preventive health care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T05:18:26Z","timestamp":1572499106000},"page":"4198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Low Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Czech Breastfed Infants and Young Children: An Anthropological Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jitka","family":"Riedlov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Rusk\u00e1 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark\u00e9ta","family":"Paulov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene of Children and Adolescents, National Institute of Public Health, \u0160rob\u00e1rova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5607-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Vignerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Lactation Centre, Thomayer Hospital, V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e1 800, 140 59 Prague 4, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Brabec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vod\u00e1renskou v\u011b\u017e\u00ed 271\/2, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Sedlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Health Promotion, Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Rusk\u00e1 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Schneidrov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child Health Promotion, Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Rusk\u00e1 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, July 23). Exclusive Breastfeeding for Optimal Growth, Development and Health of Infants. Available online: http:\/\/who.int\/elena\/titles\/exclusive_breastfeeding\/en."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, July 23). Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infant-and-young-child-feeding\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Global Targets 2025. To Improve Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/topics\/nutrition_globaltargets2025\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9041343","article-title":"Paediatric obesity research in early childhood and the primary care setting: The TARGet Kids! research network","volume":"9","author":"Morinis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"465","article-title":"Rizika p\u0159ijet\u00ed nov\u00fdch standard\u016f Sv\u011btov\u00e9 zdravotnick\u00e9 organizace pro hodnocen\u00ed r\u016fstu \u010desk\u00e9 d\u011btsk\u00e9 populace (0\u20135 let) (Risks related to implementation of new standards of the WHO for growth assessment of Czech children population (0\u20135 years)","volume":"63","year":"2008","journal-title":"\u010cesko-Slovensk\u00e1. Pediatrie."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO Working Group on Infant Growth (1995). An evaluation of infant growth: The use and interpretation of anthropometry in infants. Bull. WHO, 73, 165\u2013174."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198503000-00011","article-title":"Exclusively breast-fed healthy infants grow slower than reference infants","volume":"19","author":"Salmenpera","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1978). A Growth Chart for International Use in Maternal and Health Care. Guidelines for Primary Health Care Personnel, WHO."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006). WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/height-for-age, Weight-for-age, Weight-for-length, Weight-for-height and Body Mass Index-for-age: Methods and Development, WHO."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006). Breastfeeding in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. Acta Paediatr. Suppl., 450, 16\u201327.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02372.x"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001200105X","article-title":"Worldwide implementation of the WHO Child Growth","volume":"15","author":"Onyango","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.12.034","article-title":"Worldwide practices in child growth monitoring","volume":"144","author":"Wijnhoven","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.89.6.1035","article-title":"Growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants from 0 to 18 months: The DARLING study","volume":"89","author":"Dewey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a4204","article-title":"Growth of Czech breastfed infants in comparison with the World Health Organization standards","volume":"23","author":"Shriver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2010.00275.x","article-title":"The prevalence of wasting in Czech infants: A comparison of the WHO child growth standards and the Czech growth references","volume":"8","author":"Shriver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lhotsk\u00e1, L., Bl\u00e1ha, P., Vignerov\u00e1, J., Roth, Z., and Prokopec, M.V. (1993). Celost\u00e1tn\u00ed antropologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum d\u011bt\u00ed a ml\u00e1de\u017ee 1991 (\u010cesk\u00e9 zem\u011b) Antropometrick\u00e9 charakteristiky. (Nationwide anthropological research in children and youth 1991 (Czech countries) Anthropometric characteristics.)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Vignerov\u00e1, J., Riedlov\u00e1, J., Bl\u00e1ha, P., Kobzov\u00e1, J., Krej\u010dovsk\u00fd, L., Brabec, M., and Hru\u0161kov\u00e1, M. (2006). 6. Celost\u00e1tn\u00ed antropologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum d\u011bt\u00ed a ml\u00e1de\u017ee 2001. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika. Souhrnn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky. (Nationwide anthropological research in children and youth 2001. Czech Republic), Summary Results."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2017.1355981","article-title":"Body parameters of Czech breastfed children compared to the Czech references and WHO growth standards","volume":"44","author":"Musil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"15","article-title":"The WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study: Planning, study design, and methodology","volume":"25","author":"Garza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Martin, R., and Saller, K. (1957). Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in Systematischer Darstellung mit Besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Anthropologischen Methoden, Gustav Fischer Verlag. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bl\u00e1ha, P., Vignerov\u00e1, J., Riedlov\u00e1, J., Kobzov\u00e1, J., and Krej\u010dovsk\u00fd, L. (2019, July 23). R\u016fstCZ: Program pro hodnocen\u00ed r\u016fstu d\u00edt\u011bte: (GrowthCZ: Programme for the Assessment of Child Growth); Version 2.3. Available online: http:\/\/www.szu.cz\/publikace\/data\/program-rustcz-ke-stazeni\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1968.tb00759.x","article-title":"A simplified Monte Carlo significance test procedure","volume":"30","author":"Hope","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Roystatist. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"CD003517","article-title":"Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding","volume":"8","author":"Kramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000500425","article-title":"Association between characteristics at birth, breastfeeding and obesity in 22 countries: The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative\u2014COSI 2015\/2017","volume":"12","author":"Rito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Facts."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2018.0117","article-title":"Association of exclusive breastfeeding with risk of obesity in childhood and early adulthood","volume":"13","author":"Tambalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803764","article-title":"Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: The GENESIS study","volume":"32","author":"Moschonis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2016.0124","article-title":"Relationship between breastfeeding and early childhood obesity: Results of a prospective longitudinal study from birth to 4 years","volume":"12","author":"Wallby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13133","article-title":"Long-term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Horta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, J., Liu, L., Zhu, Y., Huang, G., and Wang, P.P. (2014). The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: A meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1267"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302263","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors for childhood overweight identifiable during infancy","volume":"97","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/15.2.77","article-title":"Member of the Collaborative Statement Advisory Group, Nutrition and Gastroenterology Committee, promoting optimal monitoring of child growth in Canada: Using the new World Health Organization growth charts","volume":"15","author":"Marchand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2329C","article-title":"Committee at E. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: Summary report","volume":"120","author":"Barlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2011). Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies, Institute of Medicine (IoM)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tully, L., Wright, C.M., McCormick, D., and Garcia, A.D. (2019). Assessing the potential for integrating routine data collection on complementary feeding to child health visits: A mixed-methods study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101722"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/21\/4198\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:30:23Z","timestamp":1760189423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/21\/4198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16214198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16214198","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]}}}