{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:56:21Z","timestamp":1780484181437,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 DA 036439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 DA 036439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 AA 025009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 AA 025009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NGO Stellit (Saint Petersburg)","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Child sexual exploitation (CSE) is a major risk factor for acquiring human immunodeficiency virus\/sexually transmitted infections (HIV\/STI), violence and other health concerns, yet few studies have examined these associations in Russia until now. This study examines the prevalence of CSE (those entering the sex trade as a minor) among women in the sex trade in Russia and how exposures and behaviors related to violence and HIV\/STI structural risks differ from those who entered the sex trade as an adult. Women in the sex trade (N = 896) in St. Petersburg and Orenburg, Russia were recruited via time-location sampling and completed structured surveys. Adjusted logistic regression analyses assessed associations between CSE victimization and HIV risk-related exposures. Of the 654 participants who provided their age at first sexual exploitation, 11% reported CSE prior to age 18. Those who reported CSE were more likely to be organized by others and to be prohibited from leaving a room or house and from using condoms; three-quarters experienced rape when trading sex; a third were involved in pornography before age 18 and they had less education if they entered the sex trade as a minor. In adjusted analyses, those entering the sex trade as a minor were significantly more likely than those entering the sex trade as an adult to report drug use prior to age 18 (AOR = 5.75, 95% CI = 2.53\u201313.09) to have \u22655 clients\/day (past 12 months; AOR = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.56\u20138.08), to report receiving police assistance (AOR: 3.10, 95% CI = 1.26\u20137.54), and to have fewer experiences of police extortion (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.10\u20131.24). They were four times more likely to participate in pornography before the age of 18 (AOR = 4.08, 95% CI = 1.32, 12.60) and three times more likely to have been sexually abused as child (AOR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.27, 7.54). Overall, entry as a minor was related to greater risk for victimization and an inability to protect oneself from STI\/HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T11:17:25Z","timestamp":1573125445000},"page":"4343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sexual Exploitation as a Minor, Violence, and HIV\/STI Risk among Women Trading Sex in St. Petersburg and Orenburg, Russia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lianne A.","family":"Urada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-050, USA"},{"name":"School of Social Work, San Diego State University; 5500 Campanile Dr., Hepner Hall Room 119, San Diego, CA 92182-4119, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maia","family":"Rusakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya Emb., 7\u20139, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Odinokova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociological Institute, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. 7th Krasnoarmeyskaya, 25\/14, St. Petersburg 190005, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyomi","family":"Tsuyuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-050, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-050, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay G.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0507, La Jolla, CA 92093-050, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Labor Organization (ILO) and Walk Free Foundation in Partnership with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2019, October 10). 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