{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T22:56:35Z","timestamp":1781996195132,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/15165-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/15165-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/04845-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/04845-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/00307-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/00307-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1S20420N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S20420N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Senior clinical investigator"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Senior clinical investigator"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although regular exercise-training improves immune\/inflammatory status, the influence of air pollutants exposure during outdoor endurance training compared to a sedentary lifestyle has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to compare the immune\/inflammatory responses in the airways of street runners and sedentary people after acute and chronic particulate matter (PM) exposure. Forty volunteers (street runners (RUN, n = 20); sedentary people (SED, n = 20)) were evaluated 1 (acute) and 10 (chronic) weeks after PM exposure. Cytokines [interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17A] in nasal lavage fluid, salivary antibacterial peptides (lactoferrin (LTF), cathelicidin (LL-37), defensin-\u03b1 1\u20133), and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), plasma club cell protein (CC16), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were analyzed. After acute exposure, the RUN group showed lower levels of IL-13, IL-10, and FeNO, but higher defensin-\u03b1 than the SED group. After chronic exposure, the RUN group showed elevation of IFN-\u03b3, IL-10, IL-17A, and a decrease of FeNO levels, whereas the SED group showed elevation of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-10, and a decrease of IL-13 levels. Comparing these groups, the RUN group showed higher levels of SIgA and LTF, and lower FeNO levels than the SED group. In relation to the Th immune response analysis after acute and chronic PM exposure, the RUN group showed a pattern associated with Th1, while in the SED group, a Th2 pattern was found. Both groups showed also a Th17 immune response pattern. Our results allow us to suggest that the immune\/inflammatory status of the respiratory tract after acute and chronic PM exposure was improved by the long-standing regular practice of outdoor endurance exercise compared to a sedentary lifestyle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T09:11:27Z","timestamp":1573636287000},"page":"4418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Outdoor Endurance Training with Air Pollutant Exposure Versus Sedentary Lifestyle: A Comparison of Airway Immune Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0527-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana de Melo Batista dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Method Faculty of Sao Paulo (FAMESP), Av. Jabaquara, 1314, Sao Paulo SP 04046-200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4943-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Charlotte","family":"Jonckheere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 box 811, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Antonio","family":"Luna Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine Machado","family":"Katekaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Cavalcante","family":"de S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine Maria de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine School, S\u00e3o Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455\u2014Cerqueira C\u00e9sar, S\u00e3o Paulo SP CEP 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5819-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f4natas do Bussador","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo de Paula","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Ana Costa, 95\u2014Vila Mathias, Santos SP CEP 11060-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP CEP 12245-520, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Universidade Brasil, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584\u2014Itaquera, S\u00e3o Paulo SP CEP 08230-030, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, R. Jaceru, 247, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP CEP 04705-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8266-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Luis Lacerda","family":"Bachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"},{"name":"Method Faculty of Sao Paulo (FAMESP), Av. Jabaquara, 1314, Sao Paulo SP 04046-200, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), Rua Pedro Ernesto 240, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos SP CEP 12245-520, Brazil"},{"name":"Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering, Universidade Brasil, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584\u2014Itaquera, S\u00e3o Paulo SP CEP 08230-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique Magdalena A","family":"Bullens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 box 811, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Clinical Division of Pediatrics, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Vaisberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua dos Otonis, 700, Piso superior\/Second floor, Sao Paulo SP CEP 04025-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10600419","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00419-2016","article-title":"A joint ERS\/ATS policy statement: What constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? 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