{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:13:35Z","timestamp":1787879615324,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81373101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81373101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81673276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to examine the associations between the duration of folic acid (FA) supplementation, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and adverse birth outcomes. A total of 950 mother-offspring pairs participated in the cohort study during 2015 in Changsha, China. The data were collected through home visits and perfected by maternal and child healthcare handbooks. Generalized linear models and stratified analyses were used for statistical analyses. The incidence of GDM in our cohort was 10.2%. FA supplementation for \u22653 months before pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of GDM (adjusted relative risk (aRR): 1.72; 95% CI: 1.17\u20132.53) and decreased risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth (aRR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.18\u20130.88). In the group of FA supplementation for \u22653 months during pregnancy, GDM was associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery (aRR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.06\u20131.75) and macrosomia (aRR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.06, 4.20), but the aRRs were lower than the RRMH 1.53 (95% CI: 1.01\u20132.34) and 2.43 (95% CI: 1.27\u20134.66). Our study suggested that the longer duration of FA supplementation before pregnancy might increase the risk of GDM, but decrease the risk of SGA birth. Longer duration of FA supplementation during pregnancy had beneficial effects on birth outcomes in women with GDM. Further studies should consider a larger sample size to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T11:25:56Z","timestamp":1573817156000},"page":"4511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Associations between the Duration of Folic Acid Supplementation, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, and Adverse Birth Outcomes based on a Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4755-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0639-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xialing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianling","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xihong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qunhui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.2000.11748144","article-title":"Folate and intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"20","author":"Rondo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. 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