{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:27:56Z","timestamp":1769524076061,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]],"date-time":"2019-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tooth agenesis and disturbance of tooth eruption is the most prevalent oral defect, and is possibly caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. We hypothesized that prenatal factors may affect tooth development. The objective of this study was to examine whether smoking during pregnancy was associated with missing teeth in the offspring during adolescence. The study population comprised pregnant women and their children registered (N = 1052) at Koshu city, Japan. When the expectant mothers visited the city office for pregnancy registration, a survey was conducted to ascertain their lifestyle habits. Data on missing teeth in the children were obtained from the compulsory dental health checkup during junior high school years. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to assess the association between missing teeth and lifestyle habits. A total of 772 children were studied. The prevalence of missing teeth in these children was 4.9%. Children whose mothers smoked six cigarettes or more per day were 4.59 (95% CI: 1.07\u201319.67) times more likely to present with missing teeth than those children whose mothers did not smoke, after adjustment for possible confounders. Our findings indicate that smoking during pregnancy can be a risk factor for missing teeth in the offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T04:31:10Z","timestamp":1574051470000},"page":"4536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Missing Teeth in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Junka","family":"Nakagawa Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Tokyo Medical and University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Unnai Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Tokyo Medical and University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Tokyo Medical and University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miri","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zentaro","family":"Yamagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1074-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Tokyo Medical and University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.2319\/082608-452R.1","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of dental esthetics on quality of life in adolescents","volume":"79","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-018-0222-4","article-title":"Frequency of missing teeth and reduction of mesiodistal tooth width in Japanese patients with tooth agenesis","volume":"19","author":"Higashihori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. 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