{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:06:28Z","timestamp":1782302788007,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uncorrected refractive error, especially myopia, in young children can cause permanent visual impairment in later life. However, data on the normative development of refractive error in this age group is limited, especially in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of refractive error in a sample of infants and young children between the ages of 6 to 36 months in a prospective, cross-sectional study. Cycloplegic retinoscopy was conducted on both eyes of 151 children of mean age 18.09 \u00b1 7.95 months. Mean spherical equivalent refractive error for the right and left eyes was +0.85 \u00b1 0.97D and +0.86 \u00b1 0.98D, respectively. The highest prevalence of refractive error was astigmatism (26%), followed by hyperopia (12.7%), myopia (1.3%) and anisometropia (0.7%). There was a reduction of hyperopic refractive error with increasing age. Myopia was seen to emerge at age 24 months. In conclusion, the prevalence of astigmatism and hyperopia in infants and young children was high, but that of myopia and anisometropia was low. There was a significant reduction in hyperopic refractive error towards emmetropia with increasing age. It is recommended that vision screening be conducted early to correct significant refractive error that may cause disruption to clear vision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T03:55:51Z","timestamp":1574826951000},"page":"4730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Distribution of Refractive Errors among Healthy Infants and Young Children between the Age of 6 to 36 Months in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Arifah Nur","family":"Yahya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry &amp; Vision Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50200, Malaysia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Karung Berkunci No. 2029, Kota Kinabalu 88586, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharanjeet","family":"Sharanjeet-Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry &amp; Vision Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saadah Mohamed","family":"Akhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry &amp; Vision Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50200, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2017.08.009","article-title":"Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Hashemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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