{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:39:44Z","timestamp":1790195984111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to identify the limitations observed in Polish Paralympic sport depending on the environment in which athletes train on a daily basis. The study included 581 persons divided into two basic groups. The first group consists of athletes (n = 324) and coaches (n = 88) appointed to the national team by associations and unions providing sports training exclusively for athletes with disabilities. The second group consisted of athletes with disabilities (n = 146) and their coaches (n = 23), who work in national sports associations working for both able-bodied and disabled people. The study used the diagnostic survey method with a questionnaire developed by Sobiecka. The difficulties indicated by the respondents referred to various aspects related to the activity in professional sport. Particularly emphasised difficulties were related to organizational and financial limitations as well as the management and coaching staff. At the same time, it was demonstrated that the environment was a differentiating factor between the studied groups of athletes and coaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T11:16:23Z","timestamp":1575544583000},"page":"4927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Polish Paralympic Sports in the Opinion of Athletes and Coaches in Retrospective Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Sobiecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Plinta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adapted Physical Activity and Sport, Chair of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"K\u0105dzio\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Gawro\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-531 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kruszelnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of University School Informatization, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4284-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zwierzchowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Institute of Sport Science, 40-066 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0097","article-title":"Standards of Conditions During Preparations for the Summer Paralympic Games Between 2004 and 2012 Assessed by Polish Athletes","volume":"48","author":"Sobiecka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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