{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:11:36Z","timestamp":1791821496302,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding injury-related burdens is an essential part of trauma quality improvement programs aimed at decreasing morbidity and mortality. This is especially the case in low and middle-income country settings where data on injuries remains limited. The aim of this study was to audit the types of head and neck injuries, which have been diagnosed among patients admitted to a major national hospital in the context of a rapidly growing sub Saharan city. Data were collected retrospectively for head and neck trauma from the Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania from the years 2016 and 2017. Distribution of ICD-10 codes by age and sex for the five most common diagnoses were determined using frequencies and percentages. The most common diagnosis was ICD-10-S02 (fracture of skull and facial bones) with 277 cases (44.1%), which was followed by S05 (injury of the eye and orbit), 114 cases (18.2%), and S09 (other and unspecified injuries of head) 77 cases (12.3%). The mean ages of admission for these three diagnoses were 28.1 (SD: 11.6), 23.8 (SD: 18.9), and 30.8 (SD: 18.0) years, respectively. This study provides information on the overall burden of head and neck trauma at a major regional tertiary care facility. It provides an initial understanding of the burden of head and neck trauma and suggests follow-up in the form of clarification of injury mechanisms and contextual factors for future work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T11:16:23Z","timestamp":1575544583000},"page":"4930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Head and Neck Trauma in a Rapidly Growing African Metropolis: A Two-Year Audit of Hospital Admissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene Kida","family":"Minja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65014, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lowery Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0239-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masood Ali","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Perea-Lowery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02116.x","article-title":"Non-communicable diseases in low-and middle-income countries: Context, determinants and health policy","volume":"13","author":"Miranda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"390","article-title":"Why the communicable\/non-communicable disease dichotomy is problematic for public health control strategies: Implications of multimorbidity for health systems in an era of health transition","volume":"7","author":"Oni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.077891","article-title":"Health transition in Africa: Practical policy proposals for primary care","volume":"88","author":"Maher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamady, K., Yao, H., Zhang, X., Xiang, H., Tan, H., and Hu, G. (2012). The injury mortality burden in Guinea. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-733"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.02.057","article-title":"Epidemiology of facial fracture injuries","volume":"69","author":"Allareddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(92)90273-3","article-title":"Incidence of temporomandibular joint symptoms following whiplash injury","volume":"50","author":"Heise","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(94)90237-2","article-title":"Facial trauma in motor vehicle accidents: Etiological factors","volume":"12","author":"Nakhgevany","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.1002003","article-title":"Outcomes from mild and moderate traumatic brain injuries among children and adolescents: A systematic review of studies from 2008\u20132013","volume":"29","author":"Lloyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-016-1192-1","article-title":"Assessment of human thermal perception in the hot-humid climate of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"61","author":"Ndetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2018-042826","article-title":"Prevalence of a definitive airway in patients with severe traumatic brain injury received at four urban public university hospitals in India: A cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Khajanchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018200","article-title":"Preventing head and neck injury","volume":"39","author":"McIntosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-199106000-00010","article-title":"Head injuries: Costs and consequences","volume":"6","author":"Max","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31815acb09","article-title":"The national study on costs and outcomes of trauma","volume":"63","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814546112","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of head and neck injuries and trauma in the United States","volume":"151","author":"Sethi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boniface, R., Museru, L., Kiloloma, O., and Munthali, V. (2016). Factors associated with road traffic injuries in Tanzania. Pan Afr. Med. J., 23.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2016.23.46.7487"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kauky, C.G., Kishimba, R.S., Urio, L.J., Abade, A.M., and Mghamba, J.M. (2015). Prevalence of helmet use among motorcycle users in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Pan Afr. Med. J., 20.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.438.5659"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Mwakapasa, E.G. (2011). Attitude towards and Practice of Helmet Use among Commercial Motorcyclists in Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania. [Ph.D. Thesis, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swarnkar, M., Singh, P., and Dwivedi, S. (2010). Pattern of trauma in central India: An epidemiological study with special reference to mode of injury. Int. J. Epidemiol., 9.","DOI":"10.5580\/6a3"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v12i4.55500","article-title":"Motorcycle injuries as an emerging public health problem in Mwanza City, Tanzania: A call for urgent intervention","volume":"12","author":"Chalya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tanzan. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v13i1.55118","article-title":"Aetiological spectrum, injury characteristics and treatment outcome of head injury patients at Bugando Medical Centre in north-western Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"Chalya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tanzan. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, M., Kaur, M., Lakshmi, P., Prinja, S., Singh, T., Sirari, T., and Kumar, R. (2018). Social autopsy for identifying causes of adult mortality. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198172"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/24\/4930\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:36Z","timestamp":1760190036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/24\/4930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16244930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16244930","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]}}}