{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:11:18Z","timestamp":1792033878951,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation","award":["81773393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81773393"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation","award":["81502787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81502787"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010083","name":"Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX20190238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20190238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central South University Innovation Driven Project","award":["20170027010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20170027010004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent hepatotoxin, but a few studies suggested that it might also induce nephrotoxicity. However, nephrotoxicity induced by prolonged oral exposure to MC-LR is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential influence of MC-LR on the kidney in mice following chronic exposure to MC-LR. In this study, we evaluated the nephrotoxicity of MC-LR in mice drinking water at different concentrations (1, 30, 60, 90, and 120 \u03bcg\/L) for 6 months for the first time. The results showed that the kidney weights and the kidney indexes of mice were not altered in the MC-LR treated mice, compared with the control group. In addition, the renal function indicators revealed that the serum creatinine (SCr) levels were not significant changes after exposure to MC-LR. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were markedly decreased after exposure to 90 and 120 \u03bcg\/L MC-LR for 3 months. The BUN levels were lower than that of the control group after exposure to 120 \u03bcg\/L MC-LR for 6 months. The histopathological investigation revealed enlarged renal corpuscles, widened of kidney tubules, and lymphocyte infiltration in the interstitial tissue and the renal pelvis after exposure to 60, 90, and 120 \u03bcg\/L MC-LR. Consequently, our results suggested that long-term exposure to MC-LR might be one important risk of kidney injury, which will provide important clues for the prevention of renal impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T10:52:41Z","timestamp":1575975161000},"page":"5030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Effects of Chronic Exposure to Microcystin-LR on Kidney in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiping","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaishuai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuilin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2268-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangling","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1921-6","article-title":"Toxicology of microcystins with reference to cases of human intoxications and epidemiological investigations of exposures to cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins","volume":"91","author":"Drobac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. 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