{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:53:50Z","timestamp":1760241230008,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ferrero Group Australia (K+Sports Program)","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with disabilities tend to be less active than typically developing peers and may therefore miss important developmental benefits. Class time physical activity (PA) programs can provide additional PA to children and have shown to contribute to numerous benefits in mainstream classrooms. However, it is unclear whether class time PA opportunities are provided in specialist education settings. This review aimed to identify and map class time PA programs that have been implemented in specialist schools and classes. Nine electronic databases were searched. Grey literature searches were also conducted. Programs were included if they were implemented in a primary\/elementary specialist school or class, involved a PA component, were conducted during class time and involved more than one child from the class participating. Included programs were mapped and narratively synthesised according to activity type. Of the 2068 records screened, 34 programs were included. Programs involving dance\/drama activities (k = 11) were most common and programs involving stretching activities (k = 2) were least frequently implemented. Twenty-three programs had been evaluated, of which only two were randomised controlled trials. More class time PA opportunities are warranted in specialist education settings. Further research is required to build the evidence base for these programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T02:59:01Z","timestamp":1576551541000},"page":"5140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Class Time Physical Activity Programs for Primary School Aged Children at Specialist Schools: A Systematic Mapping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1791-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Emonson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"McGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Kothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Unit, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Rinehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin Child Study Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). World Report on Disability, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012). Children with a disability, Australian Social Trends."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2004). Children with Disabilities in Australia."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1367-x","article-title":"Depression symptoms in boys with autism spectrum disorder and comparison samples","volume":"42","author":"Gadow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Summary World Report on Disability, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.802377","article-title":"Benefits and barriers to physical activity for individuals with disabilities: A social-relational model of disability perspective","volume":"35","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2017-0123","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Physical Activity Levels in Youth With and Without Disabilities","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adapt Phys. Activ. Q"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0663","article-title":"Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth","volume":"41","author":"Poitras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.01.055","article-title":"Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth","volume":"146","author":"Strong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4278\/ajhp.070930103","article-title":"The benefits of physical activity for youth with developmental disabilities: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0566","article-title":"Promoting the participation of children with disabilities in sports, recreation, and physical activities","volume":"121","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-0063-9","article-title":"Quality of life and leisure participation in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities: A thematic analysis of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Majnemer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2424-7","article-title":"Brief report: Influence of physical activity on sleep quality in children with autism","volume":"45","author":"Wachob","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-40","article-title":"Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth","volume":"7","author":"Janssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04050-9","article-title":"Efficacy of Group-Based Organised Physical Activity Participation for Social Outcomes in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Howells","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0724-0","article-title":"Health benefits of light-intensity physical activity: A systematic review of accelerometer data of the National Health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES)","volume":"47","author":"Fuezeki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031210-101151","article-title":"Physical activity for health: What kind? How much? How intense? On top of what?","volume":"32","author":"Powell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01338.x","article-title":"The \u2018F-words\u2019 in childhood disability: I swear this is how we should think!","volume":"38","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2009.11.004","article-title":"Physical activity for children and adults with disabilities: An issue of \u201camplified\u201d importance","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil. Health J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00744.x","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities","volume":"12","author":"Maiano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000412","article-title":"Differences in physical activity among youth with and without intellectual disability","volume":"47","author":"Einarsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.715721","article-title":"Differences in habitual physical activity levels of young people with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Carlon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.07.022","article-title":"Measuring physical activity in children and youth living with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Hinckson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/17518420701688649","article-title":"Physical activity for youth with disabilities: A critical need in an underserved population","volume":"11","author":"Rimmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Neurorehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, R.A., Downing, K., Rinehart, N.J., Barnett, L.M., May, T., McGillivray, J.A., Papadopoulos, N.V., Skouteris, H., Timperio, A., and Hinkley, T. (2017). Physical activity, sedentary behavior and their correlates in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172482"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034314564242","article-title":"Physical activity and play behaviours in children and young people with intellectual disabilities: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"36","author":"Boddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.06.001","article-title":"Measuring physical activity with accelerometers for individuals with intellectual disability: A systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1123\/APAQ.2015-0053","article-title":"Physical activity patterns in youth with intellectual disabilities","volume":"33","author":"Downs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Activ. Q"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12515","article-title":"Physical activity levels of children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe intellectual disability","volume":"32","author":"Wouters","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Intell. Disab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12285","article-title":"Integrating movement in academic classrooms: Understanding, applying and advancing the knowledge base","volume":"16","author":"Webster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.09.010","article-title":"Supporting public health priorities: Recommendations for physical education and physical activity promotion in schools","volume":"57","author":"Hills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.05.016","article-title":"Physical activity during school and after school among youth with and without intellectual disability","volume":"56","author":"Einarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.12.003","article-title":"Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: A 21-year tracking study","volume":"28","author":"Telama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"McMinn, D., Rowe, D.A., and Trim, V. (2011). Classroom-based physical activity breaks: Potential for use with children with special educational needs. Int. J. Phys. Educ., 20\u201330."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Society of Health and Physical Educators (SHAPE) America (2019, May 22). What is CSPAP?. Available online: https:\/\/www.shapeamerica.org\/cspap\/what.aspx."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001097","article-title":"Physical Activity and Sedentary Time among Children with Disabilities at School","volume":"49","author":"Sit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"S42","article-title":"Physical activity for children in special school environment","volume":"19","author":"Sit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X15591135","article-title":"Children\u2019s physical activity levels during primary school break times: A quantitative and qualitative research design","volume":"22","author":"Powell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Phy. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2013.791872","article-title":"Comprehensive school-based physical activity promotion: A review","volume":"65","author":"Erwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quest"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2016.12.020","article-title":"They just need to move: Teachers\u2019 perception of classroom physical activity breaks","volume":"63","author":"Dinkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2015-0238","article-title":"Effects of a TAKE 10! classroom-based physical activity intervention on third-to fifth-grade children\u2019s on-task behavior","volume":"13","author":"Goh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Lowden, K., Powney, J., Davidson, J., and James, C. (2001). The Class Moves!\u00ae Pilot in Scotland and Wales: An evaluation, The Scottish Council for Research in Education. SCRE Research Report No 100."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2003.tb06589.x","article-title":"Impact of Promoting Lifestyle Activity for Youth (PLAY) on children\u2019s physical activity","volume":"73","author":"Pangrazi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000235359.16685.a3","article-title":"Effects of a classroom-based program on physical activity and on-task behavior","volume":"38","author":"Mahar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2007.00454.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a classroom-based physical activity promoting programme","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"30","article-title":"Move for Well-being in Schools: Implementing physical activity in the Danish Public School","volume":"23","author":"Smedegaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACHPER Act. Healthy Mag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.12.034","article-title":"Implementation of school based physical activity interventions: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Naylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2014-0062","article-title":"Physical activity opportunities during the school day: Classroom teachers\u2019 perceptions of using activity breaks in the classroom","volume":"33","author":"McMullen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Teach. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.01.025","article-title":"Ten Years of TAKE 10!\u00ae: Integrating physical activity with academic concepts in elementary school classrooms","volume":"52","author":"Kibbe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0569-9","article-title":"Effect of classroom-based physical activity interventions on academic and physical activity outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2017.1294244","article-title":"Effect of active lessons on physical activity, academic, and health outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/15377903.2012.643755","article-title":"A quantitative review of physical activity, health, and learning outcomes associated with classroom-based physical activity interventions","volume":"28","author":"Erwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13422","article-title":"Evidence for increasing physical activity in children with physical disabilities: A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Bloemen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.21149\/8203","article-title":"Interventions to promote physical activity for youth with intellectual disabilities","volume":"59","author":"Frey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Salud. Publica. Mex."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12467","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to increase physical activity in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities","volume":"62","author":"McGarty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biddle, S.J., Fox, K., and Boutcher, S. (2003). Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203468326"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2004.04006.x","article-title":"A process for systematically reviewing the literature: Providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions","volume":"1","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2012). CO1.9: Child Disability, OECD."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0019-y","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: Summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority","volume":"6","author":"Halladay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/002246698602000306","article-title":"Characteristics of special education placements: Findings from probability samples in five metropolitan school districts","volume":"20","author":"Singer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1353\/etc.0.0047","article-title":"Promoting Active Engagement in Small Group Learning Experiences for Students with Autism and Significant Learning Needs","volume":"32","author":"Carnahan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Educ. Treat. Children"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2009.09.003","article-title":"Stimulating creative play in children with autism through sandplay","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arts Psychother"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"20","article-title":"Effects noted from the use of the Frostig training program with trainable retardates","volume":"67","author":"Hall","year":"1970","journal-title":"Train. Sch. Bull. (Vinel.)"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/004005998001200207","article-title":"Jogging can modify disruptive behaviors","volume":"12","author":"Allen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Teach Except Child"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Allen, B.J. (1989). The Effect of Dance\/Movement on the Self-Concept of Developmentally Handicapped Fourth and Fifth Grade Students. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University]."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Barton, B. (1979). The Effects of an Aerobic Dance Program on the Self- Concept and the Development of Physical Fitness in Educable Mentally Retarded Children. [Master\u2019s Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501800311","article-title":"Running Can Modify Classroom Behavior","volume":"18","author":"Bass","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Bellitto, F.C. (1981). A Correlation between Gross Motor Development and Academic Success for Children Exhibiting Gross Motor Deficiencies upon Entering School. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nebraska]."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00405848509543176","article-title":"Becoming involved: Spolin theater games in classes for the educationally handicapped","volume":"24","author":"Bernstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/0081246313516254","article-title":"The impact of a developmental movement programme on the performance of rural hearing-impaired children on the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development","volume":"44","author":"Bothma","year":"2014","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Bruce, S., Fasy, C., Gulick, J., Jones, J., and Pike, E. (2006). Making Morning Circle Meaningful. Teach Except Child Plus, 2."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-1130.2011.00293.x","article-title":"Promoting health-related fitness for elementary students with intellectual disabilities through a specifically designed activity program","volume":"8","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Policy Pract. Intellect. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2015.0063","article-title":"The impact of a computer-based activity program on the social functioning of children with autistic spectrum disorder","volume":"5","author":"Dickinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Doherty, G. (1971). The Effects of Specific Perceptual-Motor Training on the Physical Fitness, Perceptual-Motor Skills, Academic Readiness, and Academic Functioning of Educable Mentally Retarded Children. [Ph.D. Thesis, York University]."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"298","article-title":"The influence of daily structured physical activity on academic progress of elementary students with intellectual disabilities","volume":"133","author":"Everhart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Education"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/0144341810010306","article-title":"Effects of a Special Remedial Movement Programme upon Linguistic Development in ESN (M) Boys","volume":"1","author":"Fontana","year":"1981","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"26","article-title":"Montessori principles applied in a class of mentally retarded children","volume":"5","author":"Gitter","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Government of Western Australia (Department of Health) (2015). WA Healthy Schools Project Case Studies 2014."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"221","article-title":"The effects of a data-based exercise program on physical fitness of retarded children","volume":"18","author":"Halle","year":"1983","journal-title":"Educ. Train. Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"228","article-title":"Drama: A medium to enhance social interaction between students with and without mental retardation","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ment. Retard."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Ministry of Education Singapore (2018). Special Education for Exceptional Lives."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1044\/persp2.SIG12.70","article-title":"Creative Dance-Based Communication Intervention for Children With Multiple Disabilities Including Sensory Impairment","volume":"2","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect. ASHA Spec. Interest Groups"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Nicholson, H. (2008). The Effects of Antecedent Physical Activity on the Academic Engagement of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Connecticut]."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"947","article-title":"A physical fitness program for the mentally retarded in the public schools","volume":"45","author":"Nunley","year":"1965","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e318218f149","article-title":"The effects of aerobic exercise on academic engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Oriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.5.3.212","article-title":"A comparison of data based and creative dance pedagogies in teaching mentally retarded youth","volume":"5","author":"Roswal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adapt. Phys. Activ. Q."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Mary Brooksbank School (2011). Mary Brooksbank School Annual School Report."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Eastern Ranges School (2019, September 03). Curriculum Specialist: Aquatics. Available online: https:\/\/easternrangesschool.vic.edu.au\/curriculum\/."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Eastern Ranges School (2019, September 03). Curriculum Specialist: Outdoor Education. Available online: https:\/\/easternrangesschool.vic.edu.au\/curriculum\/."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"South Ballajura Campus (2019, September 03). Students with Special Needs: Community Access in Education Support. Available online: https:\/\/southballajuraps.wa.edu.au\/students-with-special-needs\/."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Malley, S. (2012). Dance partners: A model of inclusive arts education for children and teens with different abilities. The Intersection of Arts Education and Special Education: Exemplary Programs and Approaches, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"12","article-title":"Movement Arts: Unlocking the World","volume":"8","author":"Spanbauer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Perspect. Educ. Deaf."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Taylor, L.N. (1964). Developmental Dance in the Education of the Educable Mentally Handicapped Child. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/019874297900500109","article-title":"The use of a relaxation curriculum and biofeedback training in the classroom to reduce inappropriate behaviors of emotionally handicapped children","volume":"5","author":"Walton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Behav. Disord."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290507100201","article-title":"Research in special education: Scientific methods and evidence-based practices","volume":"71","author":"Odom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Except. Child."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Movement and Dance in the Inclusive Classroom","volume":"4","author":"Skoning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Teach. Except. Child Plus"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/14647893.2016.1223028","article-title":"\u2018Dance Makes Me Happy\u2019: Experiences of children with disabilities in elementary school dance education","volume":"17","author":"Zitomer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Danc. Educ."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical, cognitive, psychological and social effects of dance in children with disabilities: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"May","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(2019, April 26). Water Safety and Swimming, Available online: https:\/\/education.qld.gov.au\/curriculum\/school-curriculum\/water-safety-and-swimming."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2019, April 26). Swimming and Water Safety Education, Available online: https:\/\/www.education.vic.gov.au\/school\/teachers\/teachingresources\/discipline\/physed\/Pages\/swimmingsafety.aspx."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"(2019, April 26). Interm Swimming. Available online: https:\/\/www.education.wa.edu.au\/interm-swimming."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2013.768453","article-title":"Exploring opportunities available and perceived barriers to physical activity engagement in children and young people with Down syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Downs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Spec. Needs Educ."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040601112773","article-title":"Learning, attention, writing, and processing speed in typical children and children with ADHD, autism, anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder","volume":"13","author":"Mayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"18","article-title":"From Efficacy to Effectiveness of a \u201cWhole Child\u201d Initiative of Physical Activity Promotion","volume":"1","author":"Pesce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. J. Am. Coll. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60171-7","article-title":"Childhood obesity","volume":"375","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.09.033","article-title":"Integration of short bouts of physical activity into organizational routine: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"AuYoung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/13668250.2011.572548","article-title":"Comorbidity of intellectual disability and mental disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Einfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biddle, S.J., Fox, K., and Boutcher, S. (2003). Emotion, mood and physical activity. Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203468326"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090185","article-title":"Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews","volume":"45","author":"Biddle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"A82","article-title":"Peer reviewed: Putting physical activity where it fits in the school day: Preliminary results of the ABC (Activity Bursts in the Classroom) for fitness program","volume":"7","author":"Katz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181c9fa9d","article-title":"Exercise intervention research on persons with disabilities: What we know and where we need to go","volume":"89","author":"Rimmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932516646083","article-title":"Replication of special education research: Necessary but far too rare","volume":"37","author":"Makel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remedial. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1958.tb01437.x","article-title":"The effect of physical conditioning exercises and activities on the mental characteristics of educationally sub-normal boys","volume":"28","author":"Oliver","year":"1958","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"566","article-title":"Effects of a physical developmental program on psychomotor ability of retarded children","volume":"75","author":"Chasey","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Ment. Defic."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/24\/5140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:42:48Z","timestamp":1760190168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/24\/5140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph16245140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16245140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]}}}