{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T02:40:32Z","timestamp":1783046432071,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored the effects of a comprehensive health-care program (CHCP) on blood pressure, blood glucose, body composition, and depression in older adults living alone. We used a quasi-experimental, two-group, pretest\u2013posttest design. The CHCP consisted of open lectures, health counseling, exercise classes, nutrition counseling, and self-help group meetings at a local senior welfare center. Fifty-eight subjects participated in this study, with thirty subjects in the experimental group and twenty-eight subjects in the control group. Data were analyzed by using the descriptive statistics, \u03c72-test, and t-test. Comparisons of the pretest and posttest systolic blood pressure (t = \u22122.530, p &lt; 0.016) and blood glucose (t = 3.089, p &lt; 0.004) between the experimental and control groups showed significant differences. In both the experimental (t = 3.949, p &lt; 0.001) and control groups (t = 3.816, p &lt; 0.002), depression symptoms showed a significant decrease posttest, compared with pretest. Our findings infer that older adults require physical and psychosocial health care and that more efforts must be made to improve the general health and well-being of this population group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T11:42:47Z","timestamp":1577446967000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of a Comprehensive Health Care Program on Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose, Body Composition, and Depression in Older Adults Living Alone: A Quasi-Experimental Pretest\u2013Posttest Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eun Jeong","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Sehan University, Jeollanam-do 58447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8464-2542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Ok","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Statistical Office (2019). Prospective Estimating Population and Household, National Statistical Office. Available online: http:\/\/kosis.kr\/statisticsList\/statisticsListIndex.do?menuId=M_01_01&vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parmTabId=M_01_01#SelectStatsBoxDiv."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare (2015). 2015 Analysis Report on the Situation of Older Adults Living Alone, The Ministry. (In Korean)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M.S., and Boo, S.J. (2016). Factors affecting the intention to participate in healthcare programs among elders living alone. J. Korean Acad. Community Health Nurs., 27.","DOI":"10.12799\/jkachn.2016.27.4.319"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.S. (2014). The study of the impact of the family type on the health promoting behavior and physical and mental health of elderly people. Health Soc. Welf. Rev., 34.","DOI":"10.15709\/hswr.2014.34.3.400"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Yoon, J.A., Kang, J.S., Bae, M.J., Lee, N.Y., Lee, C.M., and Jeon, W.J. (2016). Comparison of Psychological Well-Being, Self-Esteem and Satisfaction on Life between the Older Adults Living Alone and Older Adults Living with Other. J. Korea Aging Friendly Ind. Assoc., 8."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Cederbom, S., Soderlund, A., Denison, E., and Wagert, P.V.H. (2014). Chronic pain among older women living alone: A study focusing on disability and morale. Eur. J. Physiother., 16."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs (2014). Analysis of Determinants and Regional Differences of Suicide Risk and Regional Differences, The Institute. Available online: https:\/\/www.kihasa.re.kr\/web\/publication\/research\/view.do?pageIndex=22&keyField=&key=&menuId=44&tid=71&bid=12&division=001&ano=1826."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zebhauser, A., Baumert, J., Emeny, R.T., Ronel, J., Peters, A., and Ladwig, K.H. (2015). What prevents old people living alone from feeling lonely? Findings from the KORA-Age-study. Aging Ment. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.977769"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12099","article-title":"Loneliness and social support of older people living alone in a county of Shanghai China","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.52372\/kjps16104","article-title":"The Effects of Program Factors on the Quality of Life in the Senior Welfare Center: Focusing on social support parameters","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Policy Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, N.S., Jang, Y., Lee, B.S., and Chiriboga, D.A. (2017). The relation between living alone and depressive symptoms in older Korean Americans: Do feelings of loneliness mediate?. Aging Ment. Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1099035"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"American Heart Association (2019, January 10). Healthy and Unhealthy Blood Pressure Ranges. Texas (USA): The Association. Available online: http:\/\/www.heart.org\/HEARTORG\/Conditions\/HighBloodPressure\/AboutHighBloodPressure\/Understanding-Blood-Pressure-Readings_UCM_301764_Article.jsp."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Korean Diabetes Association (2019). Diabetes Treatment and Control, The Association. Available online: http:\/\/www.diabetes.or.kr\/general\/class\/medical.php?mode=view&number=322&idx=6."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yesavage, J.A., and Sheikh, J.I. (1986). Geriatric depression scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin. Geront., 5.","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"298","article-title":"A preliminary study for the standardization of geriatric depression scale short form-Korea Version","volume":"131","author":"Kee","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Korean Neuropsychiatr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorji, N., Dunne, M.P., Seib, C., and Deb, S. (2017). Quality of life among senior citizens in Bhutan: Associations with adverse life experiences, chronic diseases, spirituality, and social connectedness. Asia Pac. J. Pub. Health, 29.","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539516685609"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J.O., and Kim, J.S. (2015). Effects of a physical activity program using exergame with elderly women. J. Korean Acad. Nurs., 45.","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2015.45.1.84"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, S.J., Park, H.J., Kim, H.J., and Chang, S.J. (2015). Factors influencing physical activity among community-dwelling older adults with type 2 diabetes: A path analysis. J. Korean Acad. Nurs., 45.","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2015.45.3.329"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry, S., Chow, M., Batchelor, F., and Fary, R.E. (2019). Physical activity and sedentary behavior in a residential aged care facility. Australas. J. Age., 38.","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12589"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jefferis, B.J., Merom, D., Sartini, C., Wannamethee, S.G., Ash, S., Lennon, L.T., Lliffe, S., Kendrick, D., and Whincup, P.H. (2015). Physical activity and falls in older men: The critical role of mobility limitation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 47.","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000635"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, M.Y., Gu, M.O., and Yim, J.E. (2017). Comparison of walking, muscle strength, balance, and fear of falling between repeated fall group, one-time fall group, and nonfall group of the older adults receiving home care service. Asian Nurs. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2017.11.003"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.J. (2016). Health promotion behaviors of rural elderly women living alone and their life satisfaction. J. Korean Acad. Community Health Nurs., 27.","DOI":"10.12799\/jkachn.2016.27.3.254"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S.H., and Lee, H.Y. (2015). A study on life satisfaction of low-income elderly people who living alone. J. Korea Acad. Indust. Coop. Soc., 16.","DOI":"10.5762\/KAIS.2015.16.12.8957"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.S., and Kim, C. (2016). Structural equation modeling to assess discrimination, stress, social support, and depression among the elderly women in South Korea. Asian Nurs. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2016.06.003"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"23","article-title":"A study on the living conditions and social welfare needs of the older adults who lives alone in the farming and fishing communities-focused on the province of Jeollanamdo","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean Assoc. Reg. Dev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/1\/220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:46:16Z","timestamp":1760190376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/1\/220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17010220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17010220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]]}}}