{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:06Z","timestamp":1772252826945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007594","name":"Univerzita Komensk\u00e9ho v Bratislave","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["265\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["265\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007594","name":"Univerzita Komensk\u00e9ho v Bratislave","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["195\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["195\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007594","name":"Univerzita Komensk\u00e9ho v Bratislave","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["132\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["132\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007594","name":"Univerzita Komensk\u00e9ho v Bratislave","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["O-15-101-\/0001-00."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O-15-101-\/0001-00."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Social noise exposure is currently an emerging problem in adolescents and young adults. Various leisure time activities may be responsible for hearing impairment (temporary or permanent hearing threshold shift or hearing loss). The study aimed to quantify environmental noise from various sources\u2014voluntary (social) noise (personal music players (PMPs), high-intensity noise exposure events), and road traffic noise and to detect hearing disorders in relation to individual listening to PMPs in the sample of young adults living and studying in Bratislava, the capital city of Slovakia. Methods: The study included 1003 university students (306 men and 697 women, average age 23.1 \u00b1 2) living in Bratislava for 4 or more years; 347 lived in the student housing facility exposed to road traffic noise (LAeq = 67.6 dB) and 656 in the control one (LAeq = 53.4 dB). Respondents completed a validated ICBEN 5-grade scale \u201cnoise annoyance questionnaire\u201d. In the exposed group a significant source of annoyance was road traffic noise (p &lt; 0.001), noise from entertainment facilities (p &lt; 0.001), industrial noise (p &lt; 0.001), and noise from neighboring flats (p = 0.003). The exposure to PMPs was objectified by the conversion of the subjective evaluation of the volume setting and duration. With the cooperation of the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT)specialist, we arranged audiometric examinations on the pilot sample of 41 volunteers. Results: From the total sample of respondents, 79.2% reported the use of a PMP in the course of the last week, and the average time was 285 min. There was a significant difference in PMP use between the road traffic noise-exposed (85.6%) and the control group (75.8%) (p = 0.01). Among PMP users 30.7% exceeded the lower action value (LAV) for industry (LAeq,8h = 80 dB). On a pilot sample of volunteers (n = 41), audiometry testing was performed indicating a hearing threshold shift at higher frequencies in 22% of subjects. Conclusions: The results of the study on a sample of young healthy individuals showed the importance of exposure to social noise as well as to road traffic noise and the need for prevention and intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Social Noise Exposure in a Sample of Slovak University Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1987-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Filova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Jurkovicova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Hirosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7840-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Vondrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"Filova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 81372 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Samohyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Babjakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juraj","family":"Stofko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8908-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubica","family":"Argalasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, November 10). Burden of Disease from Environmental Noise. Quantification of Healthy Life Years Lost in Europe. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/quantifying_ehimpacts\/publications\/e94888.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.617.110","article-title":"Environmental noise and annoyance in the urban area at different time intervals","volume":"617","author":"Argalasova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.21101\/hygiena.a1396","article-title":"Environmental noise exposure and its effect on population health","volume":"60","author":"Filova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hygiena"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky091","article-title":"Neighbour and traffic noise annoyance: A nationwide study of associated mental health and perceived stress","volume":"28","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.107147","article-title":"Environmental noise and sleep disturbance: Research in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and Newly Independent States","volume":"15","author":"Ristovska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.104897","article-title":"Effects of environmental noise on sleep","volume":"14","author":"Hume","year":"2012","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.153373","article-title":"ICBEN review of research on the biological effects of noise 2011\u20132014","volume":"17","author":"Basner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basner, M., and McGuire, S. (2018). WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Effects on Sleep. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030519"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and Regional Office for Europe (2018). Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region, World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/environment-and-health\/noise\/publications\/2018\/environmental-noise-guidelines-for-the-european-region-2018."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Belojevic, G., Kim, R., and Kephalopoulos, S. (2012). Assessment of Needs for Capacity\u2014Building for Health Risk Assessment of Environmental Noise: Case Studies, World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0007\/179116\/Assessment-of-needs-for-capacity-building-for-health-risk-assessment-of-environmental-noise,-case-studies-ver-2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.12.036","article-title":"Road traffic noise effects on cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic health: An integrative model of biological mechanisms","volume":"146","author":"Recio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"De Kluizenaar, Y., and Matsui, T. (2017, January 18\u201322). Recent progress in the field of non-auditory health effects of noise-trends and research needs. Proceedings of the 12th ICBEN Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, Zurich, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/docs.wind-watch.org\/ICBEN-2017_de-Kluizenaar_0301_3705.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1515\/aoa-2016-0052","article-title":"The risks of social noise exposure in the vulnerable population in Slovakia","volume":"41","author":"Argalasova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"SCENIHR (2008). Scientific Opinion on the Potential Health Risks of Exposure to Noise from Personal Music Players and Mobile Phones Including a Music Playing Function, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/ph_risk\/committees\/04_scenihr\/docs\/scenihr_o_017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.84","article-title":"Short-term Auditory Effects of Listening to an MP3 Player","volume":"136","author":"Keppler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.132094","article-title":"Evaluation of the olivocochlear efferent reflex strength in the susceptibility to temporary hearing deterioration after music exposure in young adults","volume":"16","author":"Keppler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.2000.3384","article-title":"Standardized general-purpose noise reaction questions for community noise surveys: Research and recommendation","volume":"242","author":"Fields","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic (2007). Laying down Details on the Permissible Values of Noise, Infrasound and Vibration Requirements and the Objectification of Noise, Infrasound and Vibration in the Environment, Collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic. (In Slovak)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.22.10.5","article-title":"Teenage Use of Portable Listening Devices: A Hazard to Hearing?","volume":"22","author":"Portnuff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.745649","article-title":"Self-report and long-term field measures of MP3 player use: How accurate is self-report?","volume":"52","author":"Portnuff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019, November 10). EUROAKUSTIK: Web Page Strategic Noise Maps. Available online: http:\/\/www.hlukovamapa.sk\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kabatova, Z., and Profant, M. (2012). Audiology, Grada Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.14.1071","article-title":"Prevalence of hearing loss among children 6 to 19 years of age: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"279","author":"Niskar","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.165024","article-title":"Hearing in young adults. Part I: The effects of attitudes and beliefs toward noise, hearing loss, and hearing protector devices","volume":"17","author":"Keppler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019, November 10). Directive 2003\/10\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding the Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Noise). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:042:0038:0044:EN:PDF."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sliwinska-Kowalska, M., and Zamorowski, K. (2017). WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Permanent Hearing Loss and Tinnitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101139"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"252","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Children: Principles and Guidelines for Early Diagnostic, Identification of Etiology and Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Jakubikova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Prax."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2013.01.007","article-title":"Hearing risk associated with the usage of personal listening devices among urban high school students in Malaysia","volume":"127","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.121241","article-title":"The prevalence of audiometric notches in adolescents in Germany: The Ohrkan-study","volume":"15","author":"Twardella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.NAH_75_16","article-title":"Impact of usage of personal music systems on oto-acoustic emissions among medical students","volume":"19","author":"Narahari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Noise Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/1\/324\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:28:38Z","timestamp":1760362118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/1\/324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17010324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17010324","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201911.0388.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]}}}