{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:22:28Z","timestamp":1784553748462,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["555516\/2006-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["555516\/2006-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["575573\/2008-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["575573\/2008-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["400576\/2013-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["400576\/2013-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Young children are particularly vulnerable to the chronic sequelae of anemia, including poor nutritional status. The aim of this study was to assess intestinal parasitic-infections and nutritional status (anemia and linear growth) in preschool children living in contemporary Amazonian communities. A cross-sectional study measured children\u2019s intestinal parasites and hair-Hg (HHg)\u2014biomarkers of fish consumption, hemoglobin levels, and growth (anthropometric Z-scores). Children came from traditional-living families (Itapu\u00e3), and tin-mining settlements (Bom Futuro) representing current transitioning populations. It covered 937 pre-school children (from 1 to 59 months of age) from traditional (247) and immigrant tin-mining families (688). There was a high prevalence of intestinal polyparasitic-infection in children from both communities, but mild anemia (hemoglobin concentrations) and moderate (chronic) malnutrition were more frequent in children from traditional families than in children from tin-mining settlers. Children from traditional families ate significantly more fish (HHg mean of 4.3 \u00b5g\/g) than children from tin-mining families (HHg mean of 2.3 \u00b5g\/g). Among traditional villagers, children showed a significant correlation (r = 0.2318; p = 0.0005) between hemoglobin concentrations and HHg concentrations. High rates of parasitic infection underlie the poverty and attendant health issues of young children in the Brazilian Amazon. The intestinal parasite burden affecting poor Amazonian children resulting from unsafe water, lack of sanitation and poor hygiene is the most urgent environmental health issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T04:14:41Z","timestamp":1579234481000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Intestinal Parasites, Anemia and Nutritional Status in Young Children from Transitioning Western Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rejane C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 V. E.","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caetano C.","family":"Dorea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada"},{"name":"Environment &amp; Regional Development Graduate Program (PGDRA), Universidade Federal de Rond\u00f4nia (UNIR), Porto Velho 76801-974, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 G.","family":"D\u00f3rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Environment &amp; Regional Development Graduate Program (PGDRA), Universidade Federal de Rond\u00f4nia (UNIR), Porto Velho 76801-974, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (1998). Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Scientific Knowledge, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460903525177","article-title":"Fish consumption by traditional subsistence villagers of the Rio Madeira (Amazon): Impact on hair mercury","volume":"37","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601155","article-title":"Association between composition of the diet and haemoglobin and ferritin levels in 18-month-old children","volume":"55","author":"Cowin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-52732011000300004","article-title":"Iron deficiency and prevalence of anemia and associated factors in children attending public daycare centers in western Paran\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2004.00423.x","article-title":"Iron status of young Vietnamese children in Australia","volume":"40","author":"Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb138212.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of iron status in healthy Danish infants: Effects of early iron status, growth velocity and dietary factors","volume":"84","author":"Michaelsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602529","article-title":"Associations of iron status with dietary and other factors in 6-year-old children","volume":"61","author":"Gunnarsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"199","article-title":"Iron absorption by humans from fish","volume":"25","author":"Leets","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/156482659001200415","article-title":"Relationship between iron bioavailability from diets and the prevalence of iron deficiency","volume":"12","author":"Layrisse","year":"1990","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2001309","article-title":"Dietary diversification\/modification strategies to enhance micronutrient content and bioavailability of diets in developing countries","volume":"85","author":"Gibson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.2.219","article-title":"Iron absorption from Southeast Asian rice-based meals","volume":"29","author":"Batu","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719680","article-title":"Oily fish increases iron bioavailability of a phytate rich meal in young iron deficient women","volume":"27","author":"Carbajal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28674F","article-title":"Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values","volume":"91","author":"Hurrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-009-9469-4","article-title":"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic resources: A case of high iron and zinc","volume":"57","author":"Nassar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20410","article-title":"Fish consumption (hair mercury) and nutritional status of Amazonian Amer-Indian children","volume":"17","author":"Barbosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460802102495","article-title":"Maternal fish consumption in the nutrition transition of the Amazon Basin: Growth of exclusively breastfed infants during the first 5 years","volume":"35","author":"Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001000248X","article-title":"Hydroelectric reservoir inundation (Rio Madeira Basin, Amazon) and changes in traditional lifestyle: Impact on growth and neurodevelopment of pre-school children","volume":"14","author":"Marques","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-011-9697-4","article-title":"Role of methylmercury exposure (from fish consumption) on growth and neurodevelopment of children under 5 years of age living in a transitioning (tin-mining) area of the western Amazon, Brazil","volume":"62","author":"Marques","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha, M.P.L., Marques, R.C., and D\u00f3rea, J.G. (2018). Influence of maternal fish intake on the anthropometric indices of children in the Western Amazon. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091146"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/0960312031000122398","article-title":"Mercury in hair and in fish consumed by Riparian women of the Rio Negro, Amazon, Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Barbosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00082.x","article-title":"Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development","volume":"66","author":"Guerrant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Feachem, R., Bradley, D., Garelick, H., and Mara, D. (1983). Sanitation and Disease Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management, The World Bank."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"WHO (2012, April 17). Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/haemoglobin\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"WHO (2006). WHO Child Growth Standards: Methods and Development, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kraemer, K., and Zimmermann, M.B. (2007). An overview of the functional significance of iron deficiency. Nutritional Anemia, Sight Life Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"WHO (1999). Procedimentos Laboratoriais em Parasitologia M\u00e9dica, Livraria Editora Santos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000100011","article-title":"A comparative study of the TF-Test\u00ae, Kato-Katz, Hoffman-Pons-Janer, Willis and Baermann-Moraes Coprologic methods for the detection of human parasitosis","volume":"107","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206028","article-title":"Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: A systematic review","volume":"121","author":"Graham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12459740922417","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infection and associated risk factors, among children presenting at outpatient clinics in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Maia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.146","article-title":"Trichuriasis and low-iron status in schoolchildren from Northwest Mexico","volume":"64","author":"Valencia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"355","article-title":"Prevalence of anaemia in schoolchildren in the Amazon area of Ecuador","volume":"13","author":"Quizhpe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Panam. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmp136","article-title":"Intestinal protozoan infections in relation to nutritional status and gastrointestinal morbidity in Colombian school children","volume":"56","author":"Boeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652009000300006","article-title":"Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1086\/313722","article-title":"Giardia lamblia carriage in Israeli Bedouin infants: Risk factors and consequences","volume":"30","author":"Fraser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X267876","article-title":"Giardiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in relation to anthropometric indicators of malnutrition: A large, population-based survey of schoolchildren in Tehran","volume":"102","author":"Nematian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.1.17","article-title":"Predictors and nutritional consequences of intestinal parasitic infections in rural Ecuadorian children","volume":"49","author":"Sackey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/50.2.90","article-title":"Effect of Giardia infection on growth and psychomotor development of children aged 0\u20135 years","volume":"50","author":"Simsek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.12.017","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasitic infections in relation to nutritional status in Mexican schoolchildren","volume":"98","author":"Valencia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(53)80195-2","article-title":"Acrodynia and mercury","volume":"42","author":"Warkany","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4523.417","article-title":"Balantidial dysentery in rodriguez and its treatment with mercury biniodide","volume":"2","year":"1947","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1987623214","article-title":"Microscopic analysis of the effect of mercuric salts on the parasite concentration in feces","volume":"62","author":"Gendre","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.003442","article-title":"Neuroligin-deficient mutants of C. elegans have sensory processing deficits and are hypersensitive to oxidative stress and mercury toxicity","volume":"3","author":"Hunter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.07.071","article-title":"Mercury in parasitic nematodes and trematodes and their double-crested cormorant hosts: Bioaccumulation in the face of sequestration by nematodes","volume":"408","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(02)00154-6","article-title":"Mercury uptake by the estuarine species Palaemonetes pugio and Fundulus heteroclitus compared with their parasites, Probopyrus pandalicola and Eustrongylides sp.","volume":"44","author":"Bergey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810305075","article-title":"Neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity assessment in CBA\/J mice with chronic toxoplasma gondii infection and single-dose exposure to methylmercury","volume":"22","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/2\/577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:26:33Z","timestamp":1760365593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/2\/577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17020577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17020577","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]}}}