{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:57:27Z","timestamp":1792022247800,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In South Korea, the installation of septic tanks for treating black water (STBW) is regulated even in sewage treatment areas to prevent the black water deposition in combined sewers. STBWs in which black water is anaerobically decomposed generate high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In this study, an immobilized media of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) was used to remove the H2S. SOB media was prepared by using activated sludge collected from a wastewater treatment plant. Prior to field application, an appropriate cultivation period and aeration rate for SOB activation were estimated through a laboratory-scale test. The SOB was activated after a 23-day cultivation period and an aeration rate of 0.25 L-water\/L-air\/min. Moreover, the maximum H2S removal efficiency was observed at a cultivation period of 43 days and an aeration rate of 0.38 L-water\/L-air\/min. Then, the SOB media was installed on STBWs of various capacities. The H2S removal efficiency was compared between with and without SOB media. The maximum H2S elimination capacity with SOB media was 12.3 g\/m3\/h, which was approximately three times higher than without SOB media. Furthermore, the energy efficiency and oxidation rate were also three times higher with SOB, demonstrating the applicability of SOB for H2S removal in STBW.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T11:25:59Z","timestamp":1579605959000},"page":"684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide in Septic Tanks for Treating Black Water via an Immobilized Media of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Hee","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-Do 10233, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeong-Gyu","family":"Namgung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Tech. Research Department, Korea District Heating Corporation, 92, Gigok-Ro, Giheung-Gu, Gyeonggi-Do 17099, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Il","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-Do 10233, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-Do 10233, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong-Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-Do 10233, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyon Wook","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-Do 10233, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.04.059","article-title":"Design, installation, operation and experimentation of septic tank\u2013UASB wastewater treatment system","volume":"143","author":"Adhikari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2008.07.001","article-title":"Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: Applicability in developing countries","volume":"90","author":"Massoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2017.1327787","article-title":"A review of the fate and transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, pathogens, and trace organic chemicals in septic systems","volume":"47","author":"Lusk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Tehnol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"278","article-title":"Removal of hydrogen sulfide from septic tank by vermicomposting bio filter","volume":"5","author":"Neisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Hyg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EW00617B","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide generation and emission in urban sanitary sewer in China: What factor plays the critical role?","volume":"5","author":"Zuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2010.07.003","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide removal from landfill gas","volume":"88","author":"Panza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.05.054","article-title":"Elimination of high concentration hydrogen sulfide and biogas purification by chemical\u2013biological process","volume":"92","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.18331\/BRJ2017.4.4.6","article-title":"A review on prospects and challenges of biological H2S removal from biogas with focus on biotrickling filtration and microaerobic desulfurization","volume":"4","author":"Khoshnevisan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofuel Res. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120201368","article-title":"The effect of oxygen supply on the dual growth kinetics of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans under acidic conditions for biogas desulfurization","volume":"12","author":"Namgung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.10.161","article-title":"Biological hydrogen sulfide and sulfate removal from rubber smoked sheet wastewater for enhanced biogas production","volume":"138","author":"Promnuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"259","article-title":"Isolation of sulfur oxidizing bacteria from polluted water and screening for their efficiency of sulfide oxidase production","volume":"21","author":"Yousef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. NEST J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.02.007","article-title":"Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in environmental technology","volume":"33","author":"Pokorna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121104","article-title":"Biologically enhanced hydrogen sulfide absorption from sour gas under haloalkaline conditions","volume":"383","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.3731","article-title":"Optimization of oxygen transfer through venturi-based systems applied to the biological sweetening of biogas","volume":"87","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-3061-x","article-title":"Functional genes based analysis of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria community in sulfide removing bioreactor","volume":"90","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2010.09.007","article-title":"Removal of hydrogen sulfide by complete aerobic oxidation in acidic biofiltration","volume":"46","author":"Chaiprapat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2018.01.006","article-title":"Use of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria enriched from sewage sludge to biologically remove H2S from biogas at an industrial-scale biogas plant","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2005.09.006","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide removal by a novel fixed-film bioscrubber system","volume":"41","author":"Potivichayanon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.10.093","article-title":"Biological sulfide oxidation in an airlift bioreactor","volume":"101","author":"Lohwacharin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.05.049","article-title":"Removal of H2S in down-flow GAC biofiltration using sulfide oxidizing bacteria from concentrated latex wastewater","volume":"100","author":"Rattanapan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2014.11.061","article-title":"Bubble columns operated under industrially relevant conditions\u2013current understanding of design parameters","volume":"126","author":"Rollbusch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"131","article-title":"Biological treatment of hydrogen sulfide in an airlift bioreactor with direct gas injection","volume":"41","author":"Zytoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Prot. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.05.022","article-title":"Removal of hydrogen sulfide by immobilized Thiobacillus thioparus in a biotrickling filter packed with polyurethane foam","volume":"100","author":"Aroca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2225\/vol10-issue4-fulltext-6","article-title":"Comparison on the removal of hydrogen sulfide in biotrickling filters inoculated with Thiobacillus thioparus and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans","volume":"10","author":"Aroca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/3\/684\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:05:33Z","timestamp":1760364333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/3\/684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17030684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17030684","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]}}}