{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:28:55Z","timestamp":1772803735506,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K08388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K08388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24406020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24406020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014423","name":"Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-1951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-1951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008608","name":"Sumitomo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["183115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["183115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan","award":["19005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19005"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan","award":["19006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19006"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan","award":["19007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19007"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan","award":["19008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Background sites are mainly affected by long-range-transported air pollutants, resulting in potential adverse effects on local atmospheric environments. A 4\u20135 year observational study was conducted to illustrate the air pollution profile at the Kanazawa University Wajima air monitoring station (KUWAMS), an ideal remote background site in Japan. Methods: Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particulate phase and various air pollutants were continuously monitored for 4\u20135 years. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and back-trajectory analysis were applied to trace the possible sources of the air pollutants collected at the sampling site. Results: The atmospheric concentration of PAHs in the atmosphere at the site decreased from 2014 to 2019, benefit from the predominant air pollution control policy in China and Japan. Common air pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone, methane (CH4), and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) were detected in low concentrations from 2016 to 2019, while ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM with a diameter less than 2.5 \u03bcm) were present in high levels that exceeded the Japanese standards. Most air pollutants peaked in spring and showed evident diurnal variations in spring and summer. Conclusions: This is the first study to clarify the atmospheric behaviors of multiple air pollutants at a background site in Japan. Significant external air pollutant impact and unneglectable air pollution were demonstrated at KUWAMS, indicating the importance of studying atmospheric pollution at remote sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T03:18:48Z","timestamp":1580872728000},"page":"957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0136-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Toriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuichi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma- machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongjie","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3106-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma- machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/525330a","article-title":"The death toll from air-pollution sources","volume":"525","author":"Jerrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02653-2","article-title":"Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: A European assessment","volume":"356","author":"Kaiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.03.003","article-title":"Ambient air pollution, climate change, and population health in China","volume":"42","author":"Kan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.09.056","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to air pollution and intergenerational economic mobility: Evidence from U.S. county birth cohorts","volume":"217","author":"Neman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137695","article-title":"Arctic Air Pollution: Origins and Impacts","volume":"315","author":"Law","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, December 19). Air Pollution. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/air-pollution#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113147","article-title":"Characteristics of air pollutants inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing and respiratory health impact on children","volume":"255","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.183","article-title":"Effects of ambient air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"651","author":"Phosri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.03.005","article-title":"Association between prenatal exposure to industrial air pollution and onset of early childhood ear infection in China","volume":"157","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"8","article-title":"Associations between criteria air pollutants and asthma","volume":"103","author":"Koren","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"451","article-title":"Cancer Risk Assessment, Indicators, and Guidelines for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air","volume":"110","author":"Gerde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135840","article-title":"PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing: Concentration, composition, and inhalation cancer risk","volume":"705","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5572\/ajae.2019.13.4.266","article-title":"Characteristics and Health Risks of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Urban and Suburban Elementary Schools in Shanghai, China","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.08.009","article-title":"Increased incidence of allergic rhinitis, bronchitis and asthma, in children living near a petrochemical complex with SO2 pollution","volume":"96","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.051730","article-title":"Association between air pollution and general practitioner visits for respiratory diseases in Hong Kong","volume":"61","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11497","article-title":"Air Pollution and Childhood Respiratory Allergies in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Parker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-014-0554-x","article-title":"Mortality analysis by neighbourhood in a city with high levels of industrial air pollution","volume":"59","author":"Vigotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003321","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and acute changes in heart rate variability and respiratory function in urban cyclists","volume":"119","author":"Weichenthal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.11.052","article-title":"Long-range transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from China to Japan","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.06.018","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulates and their relationship to emission sources in the Pan\u2013Japan Sea countries","volume":"39","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.08.090","article-title":"Atmospheric behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a Japanese remote background site, Noto peninsula, from 2004 to 2014","volume":"120","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.12.056","article-title":"Atmospheric behaviors of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Beijing, China from 2004 to 2010","volume":"152","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.069","article-title":"Assessment of winter air pollution episodes using long-range transport modeling in Hangzhou, China, during World Internet Conference, 2015","volume":"236","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2012.680984","article-title":"Atmospheric aging of Asian dust particles during long range transport","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10155","DOI":"10.1021\/es5015407","article-title":"Heterogeneous Reactions of Particulate Matter-Bound PAHs and NPAHs with NO3\/N2O5, OH Radicals, and O3 under Simulated Long-Range Atmospheric Transport Conditions: Reactivity and Mutagenicity","volume":"48","author":"Jariyasopit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.06.041","article-title":"Long-range transport of Saharan dust and chemical transformations over the Eastern Mediterranean","volume":"140","author":"Athanasopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.12.077","article-title":"Factors affecting atmospheric 1-, 2-nitropyrenes and 2-nitrofluoranthene in winter at Noto peninsula, a remote background site, Japan","volume":"107","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5572\/ajae.2018.12.4.369","article-title":"A Comparison of Particulate-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Long-Range Transported from the Asian Continent to the Noto Peninsula and Fukue Island, Japan","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, December 20). The Number of Population, Households (the Latest) | Wajima-shi. Available online: https:\/\/translation1.j-server.com\/LUCWAJIMA\/ns\/tl.cgi\/https:\/\/www.city.wajima.ishikawa.jp\/docs\/2017050900011\/?SLANG=ja&TLANG=en&XMODE=0&XJSID=0."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Japan Meteorological Agency (2019, December 20). Download Past Weather Data, Available online: https:\/\/www.jma.go.jp\/jma\/indexe.html."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2014.11.0275","article-title":"Measurements of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate at a Background Site in the Pearl River Delta Region: Production Efficiency and Regional Transport","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhotka, R., Pokorn\u00e1, P., and Z\u00edkov\u00e1, N. (2019). Long-Term Trends in PAH Concentrations and Sources at Rural Background Site in Central Europe. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10110687"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2019, December 20). Manual for Continuous Monitoring of Air Pollution of Japan, Version 6.0, Available online: http:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/air\/osen\/manual_6th\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5573-5","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at traffic and urban background sites of northern Greece: Source apportionment of ambient PAH levels and PAH-induced lung cancer risk","volume":"23","author":"Manoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.07.030","article-title":"A Airborne particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in a background site in the North China Plain: Concentration, size distribution, toxicity and sources","volume":"466\u2013467","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.11.029","article-title":"Gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the Gosan background site in East Asia","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.03.050","article-title":"Background concentrations and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in south-eastern Finland","volume":"45","author":"Vestenius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2019, December 20). Ministry of the Environment_Air Pollution Status, Available online: http:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/air\/osen\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.10.064","article-title":"Properties of organic matter in PM2.5 at Changdao Island, China\u2014A rural site in the transport path of the Asian continental outflow","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907956116","article-title":"Drivers of improved PM2.5 air quality in China from 2013 to 2017","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1719","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539511428667","article-title":"Adverse Health Effects of Asian Dust Particles and Heavy Metals in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Onishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.12.018","article-title":"Atmospheric transport route determines components of Asian dust and health effects in Japan","volume":"49","author":"Onishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-2007-2012","article-title":"Ionic and carbonaceous compositions of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 at Gosan ABC Superstation and their ratios as source signature","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.146","article-title":"Chemical characteristics and influence of continental outflow on PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 measured at Tuoji island in the Bohai Sea","volume":"573","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6439","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6439-2008","article-title":"Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.04.005","article-title":"TOF\u2013SIMS surface analysis of chemical components of size\u2013fractioned urban aerosols in a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1016\/1352-2310(94)00276-Q","article-title":"Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and secondary organic aerosol concentrations during SCAQS","volume":"29","author":"Turpin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.06.037","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal variability of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 aerosols in 14 major cities in China","volume":"60","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.03.030","article-title":"A review of surface ozone background levels and trends","volume":"38","author":"Vingarzan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v55i2.16763","article-title":"Six-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane at a high-altitude mountain site in Poland","volume":"55","author":"Necki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00518-X","article-title":"Biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes of non-methane hydrocarbons over an urban-imapcted forest, Frankfurter Stadtwald, Germany","volume":"34","author":"Steinbrecher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1021\/es00152a013","article-title":"Vapor-particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds: Estimates from field collections","volume":"20","author":"Bidleman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.06.107","article-title":"A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5\u201310 in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China","volume":"183","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2019.09.007","article-title":"Size distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh combustion smoke and ambient air: A review","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2007.03.004","article-title":"Seasonal variation of PM10-bound PAHs in the atmosphere of Xiamen, China","volume":"85","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Suzuki, G., Zhang, L.L., Zhou, Q.Y., Zhang, X., Xing, W.L., Shima, M., Yoda, Y., Nakatsubo, R., and Hiraki, T. (2019). The Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Emission Source Areas in Shenyang, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16162817"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089","article-title":"Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: Analysis of a potential problem in the United States\/Mexico border region","volume":"163","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(02)00002-5","article-title":"PAHs in the Fraser River basin: A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition","volume":"33","author":"Yunker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojeda-Castillo, V., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, A., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mena, L., Murillo-Tovar, M.A., D\u00edaz-Torres, J.D.J., Hern\u00e1ndez-Paniagua, I.Y., Del Real-Olvera, J., and Le\u00f3n-Becerril, E. (2018). Atmospheric Distribution of PAHs and Quinones in the Gas and PM1 Phases in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, Mexico: Sources and Health Risk. Atmosphere, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9040137"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.10.025","article-title":"PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources","volume":"162","author":"Tobiszewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010","article-title":"Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation","volume":"42","author":"Ravindra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1300-7","article-title":"PAH air pollution at a Portuguese urban area: Carcinogenic risks and sources identification","volume":"20","author":"Slezakova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.10.003","article-title":"Behavior of total peroxy and total organic nitrate concentrations at Suzu on the Noto Peninsula, Japan: Long-range transport and local photochemical production","volume":"196","author":"Sadanaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/3\/957\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:54:31Z","timestamp":1760172871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/3\/957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17030957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17030957","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]}}}