{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:17:04Z","timestamp":1781835424393,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-19526S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-19526S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sts Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology of the Palack\u00fd University Olomouc","award":["IGA-CMTF-2019-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGA-CMTF-2019-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childhood trauma experience (CT) is negatively associated with many aspects of adult life. Religiosity\/spirituality (R\/S) are often studied as positive coping strategies and could help in the therapeutic process. Evidence on this is lacking for a non-religious environment. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of different types of CT with R\/S in the secular conditions of the Czech Republic. A nationally representative sample (n = 1800, mean age = 46.4, SD = 17.4; 48.7% male) of adults participated in the survey. We measured childhood trauma, spirituality, religiosity and conversion experience. We found that four kinds of CT were associated with increased levels of spirituality, with odds ratios (OR) ranging from 1.17 (95% confidence interval 1.03\u20131.34) to 1.31 (1.18\u20131.46). Non-religious respondents were more likely to report associations of CT with spirituality. After measuring for different combinations of R\/S, each CT was associated with increased chances of being \u201cspiritual but non-religious\u201d, with OR from 1.55 (1.17\u20132.06) to 2.10 (1.63\u20132.70). Moreover, converts were more likely to report emotional abuse OR = 1.46 (1.17\u20131.82) or emotional neglect with OR = 1.42 (1.11\u20131.82). Our findings show CT is associated with higher levels of spirituality in non-religious respondents. Addressing spiritual needs may contribute to the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatment of the victims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"1268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Childhood Trauma Is Associated with the Spirituality of Non-Religious Respondents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6422-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Kosarkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara","family":"Malinakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Koncalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0225-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitse P.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Graduate School Kosice Institute for Society and Health, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, 040 11 Kosice, Slovak Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31816ff796","article-title":"Concerns about measuring \u2018\u2018Spirituality\u2019\u2019 in research","volume":"196","author":"Koenig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/009164718301100406","article-title":"Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement","volume":"11","author":"Ellison","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Theol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2307\/1387689","article-title":"Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy","volume":"36","author":"Zinnbauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sci. Stud. 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