{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T19:25:50Z","timestamp":1782156350959,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant","award":["2019-6037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-6037"]}]},{"name":"the cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University","award":["19024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that are widely distributed in the air, water, and soil. Recently, the amount of PAHs derived from fuels and from incomplete combustion processes is increasing. In the aquatic environment, oil spills directly cause PAH pollution and affect marine organisms. Oil spills correlate very well with the major shipping routes. Furthermore, accidental oil spills can seriously impact the marine environment toxicologically. Here, we describe PAH toxicities and related bioaccumulation properties in aquatic animals, including invertebrates. Recent studies have revealed the toxicity of PAHs, including endocrine disruption and tissue-specific toxicity, although researchers have mainly focused on the carcinogenic toxicity of PAHs. We summarize the toxicity of PAHs regarding these aspects. Additionally, the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs for organisms, including invertebrates, are important factors when considering PAH toxicity. In this review, we describe the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs in aquatic animals. Recently, microplastics have been the most concerning environmental problem in the aquatic ecosystem, and the vector effect of microplastics for lipophilic compounds is an emerging environmental issue. Here, we describe the correlation between PAHs and microplastics. Thus, we concluded that PAHs have a toxicity for aquatic animals, indicating that we should emphasize the prevention of aquatic PAH pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T08:59:47Z","timestamp":1582275587000},"page":"1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":584,"title":["Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Aquatic Animals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7554-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masato","family":"Honda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botanical Garden, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0283-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuo","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.03.040","article-title":"Residue level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Japanese paddy soils from 1959 to 2002","volume":"68","author":"Honda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.10.005","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters and sediments from the Yatsushiro Sea, Japan: Comparison of potential risks among PAHs, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in benthic organisms","volume":"99","author":"Nakata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.04.021","article-title":"Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river bank soils","volume":"72","author":"Pies","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1300-7","article-title":"PAH air pollution at a Portuguese urban area: Carcinogenic risks and sources identification","volume":"20","author":"Slezakova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.11.021","article-title":"Long-range transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the eastern Asian continent to Kanazawa, Japan with Asian dust","volume":"41","author":"Tamamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2012.07.042","article-title":"Distribution of PAHs in the northwestern part of the Japan Sea","volume":"86","author":"Chizhova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41742-017-0063-x","article-title":"The wharf roach, Ligia sp., A novel indicator of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in coastal areas","volume":"12","author":"Honda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-009-0341-2","article-title":"POPs accumulated in fish and benthos bodies taken from Yangtze River in Jiangsu area","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.11.043","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in livers of California sea otters","volume":"71","author":"Kannan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.04.004","article-title":"Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Osaka Bay, Japan","volume":"85","author":"Miki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9010","DOI":"10.1021\/es901805e","article-title":"Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the eggs of predatory birds in Britain","volume":"43","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-009-0962-1","article-title":"Monitoring of PAHs and alkylated PAHs in aquatic organisms after 1 month from the Solar I oil spill off the coast of Guimaras Island, Philippines","volume":"165","author":"Uno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390500259327","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ecotoxicology in marine ecosystems","volume":"69","author":"Hylland","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayakawa, K. (2018). Oil spills and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6775-4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.07.010","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and recovery characteristics in some organisms after the Nakhodka oil spill","volume":"49","author":"Koyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"25","article-title":"Early monitoring of spilled oil contamination in Rayong, Thailand","volume":"19","author":"Koyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-012-0955-6","article-title":"Assessment of poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) dispersion in the near shore environment of Mumbai, India after a large scale oil spill","volume":"90","author":"Ladwani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1051\/alr:2004042","article-title":"Contamination of the Bay of Biscay by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) following the T\/V \u201cErika\u201d oil spill","volume":"17","author":"Munschy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquat. Living Resour."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.03.062","article-title":"Oil spill off the coast of Guimaras Island, Philippines: Distributions and changes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shellfish","volume":"124","author":"Uno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112139108","article-title":"Review of flow rate estimates of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill","volume":"109","author":"McNutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623311428474","article-title":"Ecological impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: Implications for immunotoxicity","volume":"40","author":"Barron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10985","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02243","article-title":"Decadal assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mesopelagic fishes from the Gulf of Mexico reveals exposure to oil-derived sources","volume":"52","author":"Romero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8786","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01870","article-title":"PAH exposure in Gulf of Mexico demersal fishes, post-Deepwater Horizon","volume":"49","author":"Snyder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1998.1235","article-title":"Potency equivalency factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives","volume":"28","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.08.062","article-title":"Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil from Himalayas, India: Implications for spatial distribution, sources apportionment and risk assessment","volume":"144","author":"Devi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3838","article-title":"Correlation between the amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mutagenicity of airborne particulate samples from Taichung City, Taiwan","volume":"78","author":"Kuo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(15)30003-4","article-title":"Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer","volume":"5","author":"Rengarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.7888\/juoeh.35.17","article-title":"Biological effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives","volume":"35","author":"Bekki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. UOEH"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.05.018","article-title":"Characterization of phase-II conjugation reaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish species: Unique pyrene metabolism and species specificity observed in fish species","volume":"36","author":"Ikenaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/10406630802373772","article-title":"The significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as environmental carcinogens. 35 years research on PAH\u2014A retrospective","volume":"28","author":"Jacob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polycycl. Aromat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2007.10.001","article-title":"Biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine polychaetes","volume":"65","author":"Giessing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.55.601","article-title":"Evaluation of toxic activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives using in vitro bioassays","volume":"55","author":"Bekki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022516-022928","article-title":"Impacts of petroleum-derived pollutants on fish development","volume":"5","author":"Cherr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.06.012","article-title":"Immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in the Arctic scallop Chlamys islandica: Effects of acute oil exposure","volume":"73","author":"Hannam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.07.008","article-title":"Temporal and geographical trends in the genotoxic effects of marine sediments after accidental oil spill on the blood cells of striped beakperch (Oplegnathus fasciatus)","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.10.009","article-title":"Immunotoxic effects of oil sands-derived naphthenic acids to rainbow trout","volume":"126","author":"MacDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11000","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03331","article-title":"High quantities of microplastic in Arctic deep-sea sediments from the hausgarten observatory","volume":"51","author":"Bergmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.02.024","article-title":"Microplastic in the surface waters of the Ross Sea (Antarctica): Occurrence, distribution and characterization by FTIR","volume":"175","author":"Cincinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.01.011","article-title":"Neustonic microplastic and zooplankton in the North Western Mediterranean Sea","volume":"64","author":"Collignon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.058","article-title":"Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China","volume":"231","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.12.050","article-title":"Assessment of microplastic toxicity to embryonic development of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)","volume":"92","author":"Nobre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.11.005","article-title":"Toxic effects of microplastic on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum: Interactions between microplastic and algae","volume":"220","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b06069","article-title":"Microplastic as a vector for chemicals in the aquatic environment: Critical review and model-supported reinterpretation of empirical studies","volume":"50","author":"Koelmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.05.026","article-title":"Are marine plastic particles transport vectors for organic pollutants to the Arctic?","volume":"60","author":"Zarfl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.06.072","article-title":"Colour spectrum and resin-type determine the concentration and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plastic pellets","volume":"122","author":"Fisner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.422","article-title":"Organic pollutants in marine plastic debris from Canary Islands beaches","volume":"662","author":"Camacho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.094","article-title":"Organic contamination of beached plastic pellets in the South Atlantic: Risk assessments can benefit by considering spatial gradients","volume":"223","author":"Gorman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1021\/es00031a002","article-title":"Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment","volume":"26","author":"Menzie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv040","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: From metabolism to lung cancer","volume":"145","author":"Moorthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-018-2319-4","article-title":"Dose-dependent synergistic and antagonistic mutation responses of binary mixtures of the environmental carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene with food-derived carcinogens","volume":"92","author":"David","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1191\/096032700701546514","article-title":"The composition of cigarette smoke: A retrospective, with emphasis on polycyclic components","volume":"19","author":"Rodgman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5286.430","article-title":"Preferential formation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in P53","volume":"274","author":"Denissenko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201100466","article-title":"Review on proteomic analyses of benzo[a]pyrene toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339602400511","article-title":"Experimental chemical carcinogenesis in fish","volume":"24","author":"Bunton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3109\/03602538409041078","article-title":"The sensitivity of rainbow trout and other fish species to carcinogens","volume":"15","author":"Bailey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8771155","article-title":"Chemical carcinogenesis in feral fish: Uptake, activation, and detoxication of organic xenobiotics","volume":"71","author":"Varanasi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Health. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.06.016","article-title":"The influence of heart developmental anatomy on cardiotoxicity-based adverse outcome pathways in fish","volume":"177","author":"Incardona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.64.5.30156237","article-title":"From hagfish to tuna: A perspective on cardiac function in fish","volume":"64","author":"Farrell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242747","article-title":"Crude oil impairs cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in fish","volume":"343","author":"Brette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.09.087","article-title":"Effects of Deepwater Horizon crude oil on ocular development in two estuarine fish species, red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)","volume":"166","author":"Magnuson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, L., S\u00f8rhus, E., Nordtug, T., Incardona, J.P., Linbo, T.L., Giovanetti, L., Karlsen, \u00d8., and Meier, S. (2017). Oil droplet fouling and differential toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in embryos of Atlantic haddock and cod. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180048"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.051","article-title":"Beyond the obvious: Environmental health implications of polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"123","author":"Idowu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.11.020","article-title":"Alteration of development and gene expression induced by in ovo-nanoinjection of 3-hydroxybenzo[c]phenanthrene into Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos","volume":"182","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquatic. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.12.035","article-title":"Damage to and recovery of coastlines polluted with C-heavy oil spilled from the Nakhodka","volume":"40","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porazinski, S.R., Wang, H., and Furutani-Seiki, M. (2010). Microinjection of medaka embryos for use as a model genetic organism. J. Vis. Exp., 46.","DOI":"10.3791\/1937-v"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00726-3","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in cigarette smoke cause bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.7.939","article-title":"Inhibition of osteogenesis in vitro by a cigarette smoke-associated hydrocarbon combined with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide: Reversal by resveratrol","volume":"75","author":"Andreou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.108","article-title":"Associations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with bone mass density and osteoporosis in U.S. adults, NHANES 2005-2010","volume":"240","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh051","article-title":"Evaluation of fish early life-stage toxicity models of chronic embryonic exposures to complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon","volume":"78","author":"Barron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl011","article-title":"The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in mediating synergistic developmental toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to zebrafish","volume":"92","author":"Billiard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-005-0319-x","article-title":"Modified Japanese medaka embryo-larval bioassay for rapid determination of developmental abnormalities","volume":"51","author":"Farwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(93)90262-3","article-title":"Regeneration of teleost fish scale","volume":"105","author":"Zylberberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.063","article-title":"Osteoblastic activity and estrogenic response in the regenerating scale of goldfish, a good model of osteogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Yoshikubo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.04.104","article-title":"Effect of vibration on osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities: Analysis of bone metabolism using goldfish scale as a model for bone","volume":"40","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-2906.2007.01300.x","article-title":"Scale regeneration and calcification in goldfish Carassius auratus: Quantitative and morphological process","volume":"73","author":"Ohira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12594","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12594","article-title":"Melatonin is a potential drug for the prevention of bone loss during space flight","volume":"67","author":"Ikegame","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.103.1.273","article-title":"Organization and characterization of fibrillar collagens in fish scales in situ and in vitro","volume":"103","author":"Zylberberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)49953-5","article-title":"Discovery of bone \u03b3\u2212carboxyglutamic acid protein in mineralized scales","volume":"267","author":"Nishimoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041201","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of piscine osteonectin and down regulation of its expression by PTH-related protein","volume":"20","author":"Redruello","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"409","article-title":"Studies on fish scale formation and resorption III: Fine structure and calcification of the fibrillary plates of the scales in Carassius auratus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)","volume":"201","author":"Onozato","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(99)00181-3","article-title":"Suppression of osteoclastic activities by calcitonin in the scales of goldfish (freshwater teleost) and nibbler fish (seawater teleost)","volume":"21","author":"Suzuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.02.004","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone 1 (1-34) acts on the scales and involves calcium metabolism in goldfish","volume":"48","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1153-9","article-title":"Fish scale is a suitable model for analyzing determinants of skeletal fragility in type 2 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2002.02953.x","article-title":"Melatonin suppresses osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in the scales of goldfish","volume":"33","author":"Suzuki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198806000-00033","article-title":"Cellular biology and biochemical mechanism of bone resorption","volume":"231","author":"Vaes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00268-8","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase levels and osteoprogenitor cell numbers suggest bone formation may contribute to peak bone density differences between two inbred strains of mice","volume":"22","author":"Dimai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.20.3.0367","article-title":"Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families","volume":"20","author":"Suda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07151.x","article-title":"Calcitonin in a protochordate, Ciona intestinalis: The prototype of the vertebrate Calcitonin\/Calcitonin gene related peptide superfamily","volume":"276","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2017.06.007","article-title":"Sardine procalcitonin amino-terminal cleavage peptide has a different action from calcitonin and promotes osteoblastic activity in the scales of goldfish","volume":"211","author":"Kase","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-004-0505-3","article-title":"Both mercury and cadmium directly influence calcium homeostasis resulting from the suppression of scale bone cells: The scale is a good model for the evaluation of heavy metals in bone metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3844\/ajessp.2019.137.144","article-title":"Gadolinium at low concentration suppresses both osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in the scales of goldfish","volume":"15","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.10.004","article-title":"Tributyltin inhibits osteoblastic activity and disrupts calcium metabolism through an increase in plasma calcium and calcitonin levels in teleosts","volume":"78","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.015","article-title":"Oil spill detection by satellite remote sensing","volume":"95","author":"Brekke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Soysa, T.Y., Ulrich, A., Friedrich, T., Pite, D., Compton, S.L., Ok, D., Bernardos, R.L., Downes, G.B., Hsieh, S., and Stein, R. (2012). Macondo crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disrupts specific developmental processes during zebrafish embryogenesis. BMC Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-10-40"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2108\/zs150211","article-title":"Seawater polluted with highly concentrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons suppresses osteoblastic activity in the scales of goldfish, Carassius auratus","volume":"33","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3909-0","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in four fish species from different trophic levels in the Persian Gulf","volume":"186","author":"Rahmanpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5742(98)00015-5","article-title":"Epizootics of cancer in fish associated with genotoxins in sediment and water","volume":"411","author":"Baumann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.10.002","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation in different common sole (Solea solea) tissues from the North Adriatic Sea peculiar impacted area","volume":"137","author":"Frapiccini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinkmann, M., Blenkle, H., Salowsky, H., Bluhm, K., Schiwy, S., Tiehm, A., and Hollert, H. (2014). Genotoxicity of heterocyclic PAHs in the micronucleus assay with the fish liver cell line RTL-W1. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085692"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.06.003","article-title":"RNA-Seq analysis of transcriptome responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) precision-cut liver slices exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and 17\u03b1-ethynylestradiol","volume":"201","author":"Yadetie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2007.05.001","article-title":"Benzo[a]pyrene-induced cytochrome P450 1A and DNA binding in cultured trout hepatocytes\u2014nhibition by plant polyphenols","volume":"169","author":"Tsuji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.005","article-title":"Benzo[a]pyrene-induced a mitochondria-independent apoptosis of liver in juvenile Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus)","volume":"231","author":"Zha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Zanaty, M.I., Sawada, N., Kitani, Y., Nassar, H.F., Mahmoud, H.M., Hayakawa, K., Sekiguchi, T., Ogiso, S., Tabuchi, Y., and Urata, M. Influence of benz[a]anthracene on bone metabolism and on liver metabolism in nibbler fish, Girella punctate. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, (in press)."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1572-z","article-title":"New insights into BaP-induced toxicity: Role of major metabolites in transcriptomics and contribution to hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"90","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-018-0743-8","article-title":"Characterization of transcriptional responses mediated by benzo[a]pyrene stress in a new marine fish model of goby, Mugilogobius chulae","volume":"41","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Genom."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2007.12.004","article-title":"Physiological responses and expression of metallothionein (MT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) mRNAs in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene","volume":"149","author":"An","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.06.005","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals novel insights into the response of low-dose benzo[a]pyrene exposure in male tilapia","volume":"201","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.53.562","article-title":"Estrogenic\/antiestrogenic activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their monohydroxylated derivatives by yeast two-hybrid assay","volume":"53","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Binding of 2-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene to estrogen receptors in rat cytosol","volume":"46","author":"Ebright","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/55.2.320","article-title":"Activity of benzo[a]pyrene and its hydroxylated metabolites in an estrogen receptor-\u03b1 reporter gene assay","volume":"55","author":"Charles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.07.008","article-title":"Strong synergistic induction of CYP1A1 expression by andrographolide plus typical CYP1A inducers in mouse hepatocytes","volume":"224","author":"Jaruchotikamol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayakawa, K. (2018). Chapter 19. Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish and marine invertebrates. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Environmental Behavior and Toxicity in East Asia, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6775-4"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3969-2","article-title":"Zebrafish cardiotoxicity: The effects of CYP1A inhibition and AHR2 knockdown following exposure to weak aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.01.022","article-title":"Microplastics and associated PAHs in surface water from the Feilaixia Reservoir in the Beijiang River, China","volume":"221","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.028","article-title":"Microplastic accumulation patterns and transfer of benzo[a]pyrene to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) gills and zebrafish embryos","volume":"235","author":"Batel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.03.011","article-title":"Microplastic does not magnify the acute effect of PAH pyrene on predatory performance of a tropical fish (Lates calcarifer)","volume":"198","author":"Guven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390903091814","article-title":"Toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"72","author":"Sese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620181023","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of genotoxicity using random amplified polymorphic DNA: Comparison of genomic template stability with key fitness parameters in Daphnia magna exposed to benzo[a]pyrene","volume":"18","author":"Atienzar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(85)90125-0","article-title":"The phototoxicity of non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic organisms","volume":"14","author":"Kagan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01055652","article-title":"Toxicity, accumulation, and elimination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in Daphnia magna","volume":"13","author":"Eastmond","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01608174","article-title":"Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna)","volume":"24","author":"LeBlanc","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900166","article-title":"Toxicity of fluoranthene to Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and Stylaria lacustris in water-only and whole sediment exposures","volume":"57","author":"Suedel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1984)113<74:CATTAO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comparative acute toxicity to aquatic organisms of components of coal-derived synthetic fuels","volume":"113","author":"Millemann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-015-9706-z","article-title":"Determination of biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) toxicity to earthworm (Eisenia fetida)","volume":"37","author":"Nam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-1136(81)90020-9","article-title":"Sea urchin sperm bioassay for sewage and chlorinated seawater and its relation to fish bioassays","volume":"5","author":"Dinnel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5134\/176165","article-title":"Marine pollution bioassay by sea urchin eggs, an attempt to enhance sensitivity","volume":"34","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Public Seto Mar. Biol. Lab."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.2000.0720","article-title":"Sea-urchin embryo bioassay for in situ evaluation of the biological quality of coastal seawater","volume":"52","author":"Beiras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2010.04.012","article-title":"Integrative assessment of coastal pollution: Development and evaluation of sediment quality criteria from chemical contamination and ecotoxicological data","volume":"31","author":"Bellas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3679","article-title":"Fuel oil and dispersant toxicity to the Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri)","volume":"36","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"79","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine organisms","volume":"143","author":"Meador","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"55","article-title":"Monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons influence spicule formation in the early development of sea urchins (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)","volume":"171","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-018-1245-y","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of the suppression of larval skeleton by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in early development of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus","volume":"84","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.12.018","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs and oxygenated PAHs) and trace metals in fish species from Ghana (West Africa): Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment","volume":"65","author":"Bandowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.01.034","article-title":"Accumulation patterns of lipophilic organic contaminants in surface sediments and in economic important mussel and fish species from Jakarta Bay, Indonesia","volume":"110","author":"Dsikowitzky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620191215","article-title":"Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and polychlorinated biphenyl dynamics in benthic invertebrates of Lake Erie, USA","volume":"19","author":"Gewurtz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/02772240009358907","article-title":"Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the food chain of Lake Baikal","volume":"75","author":"Poliakova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1021\/es062594x","article-title":"Trophic dilution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a marine food web from Bohai Bay, North China","volume":"41","author":"Wan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20352","article-title":"Comparative study of bioconcentration and EROD activity induction in the Japanese flounder, red sea bream, and Java medaka exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"23","author":"Cheikyula","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.10.092","article-title":"Distributions and compositional patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in three edible fishes from Kharg coral Island, Persian Gulf, Iran","volume":"215","author":"Jafarabadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9394-6","article-title":"Distribution and human health risk assessment of PAHs in four fish species from a SW Atlantic estuary","volume":"24","author":"Oliva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/10807030701226749","article-title":"Perspective on ecotoxicology of PAHs to fish","volume":"13","author":"Logan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.01.037","article-title":"Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues in several tissues of edible fishes from the largest freshwater lake in China, Poyang Lake, and associated human health risk assessment","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620160501","article-title":"Comparison of contaminant accumulation in three species of marine invertebrates with different feeding habits","volume":"16","author":"Kaag","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-013-3475-x","article-title":"The effect of size and sex on PCB and PAH concentrations in crab Portunus pelagicus","volume":"186","author":"Monikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170501","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the western Mediterranean Sea","volume":"17","author":"Baumard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.06.008","article-title":"Residual levels of DDTs and PAHs in freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong markets and their health risk assessment","volume":"66","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.191","article-title":"PAH related effects on fish in sedimentation ponds for road runoff and potential transfer of PAHs from sediment to biota","volume":"566","author":"Grung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2620","article-title":"PAHs, nitro-PAHs, hopanes, and steranes in lake trout from Lake Michigan","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.1710","article-title":"Accumulation of PAHs and synthetic musk compound in minke whales (Balanoptera acutorostrata) and long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis) from Korean coastal waters","volume":"31","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"419","article-title":"Accumulation of PAHs, Me-PAHs, PCBs and total mercury in sediments and marine species in coastal areas of Dakar, Senegal: Contamination level and impact","volume":"9","author":"Net","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1970)99<689:TUDAEO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The uptake, distribution and elimination of dietary 14C-DDT and 14C-dieldrin in rainbow trout","volume":"99","author":"Macek","year":"1970","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4362-4","article-title":"Distribution and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the food web of Nansi Lake, China","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1139\/f91-213","article-title":"Tumor frequencies in walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) and sediment contaminants in tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes","volume":"48","author":"Baumann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(82)90131-X","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments, pore water and the amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi from Lake Michigan","volume":"11","author":"Eadie","year":"1982","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-011-0698-x","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish and crayfish from the Calumet region of southwestern Lake Michigan","volume":"20","author":"Levengood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(97)70893-1","article-title":"Aromatic hydrocarbons in biota from the Detroit River and western Lake Erie","volume":"23","author":"Metcalfe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(99)70760-4","article-title":"Population characteristics and contaminant burdens of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall, Ontario and Massena, New York","volume":"25","author":"Ridgway","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(95)00115-8","article-title":"Pesticide residues, PCBs and PAHs in baked, charbroiled, salt boiled and smoked Great Lakes lake trout","volume":"55","author":"Zabik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arts, M.T., and Wainman, B.C. (1999). Influence of lipids on the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of organic contaminants in aquatic organisms. Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0547-0"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.11.048","article-title":"Distribution patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments and fish at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong Kong","volume":"41","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.09.071","article-title":"Distribution and composition pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different tissues of sturgeons collected from Iranian coastline of the Caspian Sea","volume":"120","author":"Mashroofeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.05.065","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wild marine fish from the coastal waters of the northern South China Sea: Risk assessment for human health","volume":"180","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.02.005","article-title":"Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish and prawn in the Persian Gulf, Iran","volume":"173","author":"Soltani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2010.08.004","article-title":"Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: A review","volume":"30","author":"Beyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1021\/es950647x","article-title":"Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur\/oxygen derivatives in northwestern Mediterranean sediments: Spatial and temporal variability, fluxes, and budgets","volume":"30","author":"Tolosa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2013.09.022","article-title":"Marine sponges as bioindicators of oil and combustion derived PAH in coastal waters","volume":"92","author":"Batista","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.03.021","article-title":"Monitoring PAH contamination in water: Comparison of biological and physico-chemical tools","volume":"454","author":"Bourgeault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4459-9","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), mercury, methyl mercury, and arsenic in blue crab Portunus segnis from Persian Gulf","volume":"187","author":"Ghaeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1897\/03-354","article-title":"Relationship between metabolism and bioaccumulation of benzo [\u03b1] pyrene in benthic invertebrates","volume":"23","author":"Rust","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.12.064","article-title":"Assessment of a mussel as a metal bioindicator of coastal contamination: Relationships between metal bioaccumulation and multiple biomarker responses","volume":"511","author":"Chandurvelan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(02)00400-9","article-title":"Asia-Pacific mussel watch: Monitoring contamination of persistent organochlorine compounds in coastal waters of Asian countries","volume":"46","author":"Monirith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-010-1574-5","article-title":"Alkylphenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern Mediterranean Spanish coastal marine bivalves","volume":"176","author":"Bouzas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2010.35.42","article-title":"Bacteriological and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation in mangrove oyster (Crassostrea tulipa) from Douglas Creek, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Eduok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"11","article-title":"Distribution of parent and alkylated PAHs in bivalves collected from Osaka Bay, Japan","volume":"18","author":"Ito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.12.005","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediment and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) from mangrove of Guadeloupe: Levels, bioavailability, and effects","volume":"79","author":"Ramdine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.08.031","article-title":"Environmental quality of mussel farms in the Vigo estuary: Pollution by PAHs, origin and effects on reproduction","volume":"159","author":"Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.02.044","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of nitroarenes in bivalves at Osaka Bay, Japan","volume":"63","author":"Uno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5985\/jec.20.137","article-title":"Background Levels of PAHs in the coastal waters of Japan based on residual concentrations of bivalves","volume":"20","author":"Tanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.06.027","article-title":"Environmental effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A review","volume":"110","author":"Beyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00212973","article-title":"Accumulation of organic contaminants in two sediment-dwelling shellfish with contrasting feeding modes: Deposit-(Macomona liliana) and filter-feeding (Austrovenus stutchburyi)","volume":"29","author":"Hickey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3354\/meps123107","article-title":"Comparative bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sediment by two infaunal invertebrates","volume":"123","author":"Meador","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5985\/jec.18.341","article-title":"Characteristics of accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the organisms inhabited in Lake Suwa","volume":"18","author":"Ikenaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"1060","article-title":"Model of biota-sediment accumulation factor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"18","author":"Thomann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.11.026","article-title":"Defects in cardiac function precede morphological abnormalities in fish embryos exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"196","author":"Incardona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/4\/1363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:59:20Z","timestamp":1760173160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/4\/1363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"references-count":184,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17041363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17041363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]}}}