{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:08:47Z","timestamp":1788908927260,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine brucellosis remains a persistent infection in ruminants in Pakistan. A total of 828 (409 buffaloes and 419 cattle) sera were collected from 11 institutional-owned livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The samples were tested by rose bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The seroprevalence along with 95% confidence interval (CI) was determined. Univariable and multivariable analysis of the epidemiological background data was conducted and odds ratio (OR) was calculated to understand any association between the risk factors and the seroprevalence. An overall seroprevalence of 3.9% (Positive\/Tested = 32\/828) and 3.3% (27\/828) was detected by RBPT and iELISA, respectively. The seroprevalence of 5.6% (CI 3.6\u20138.3) and 4.7%, (CI 2.8\u20137.2) and the odds ratio of 2.63 (CI 1.20\u20135.77) and 2.50 (CI 1.08\u20135.78) for testing positive by RBPT and iELISA, respectively were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in buffaloes than in cattle. Breed, sex, history of abortion and retention of fetal membranes (RFM) in the animals were not found statistically significantly associated with the infection. RBPT and iELISA based results agreed almost perfect (k = 0.877). In total, Brucella abortus-DNA (9\/27) was amplified from seropositive samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction. This study identified for the first time the etiological agents of brucellosis at a molecular level at institutional-owned livestock farms in Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1582282156000},"page":"1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Serological and Molecular Detection of Bovine Brucellosis at Institutional Livestock Farms in Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tariq","family":"Jamil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3037-7103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khushal","family":"Khan Kasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Investigation Laboratory, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of Baluchistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hammad Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Vance Street, 2565 Bardia, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imaad","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock and Dairy Development, Government of Punjab, Lahore 54100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iahtasham","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, sub-campus Jhang, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Haleem Tayyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashkoor","family":"Mohsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Khalid","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6303-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2187","article-title":"Epidemiology of brucellosis in domestic animals caused by Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis and Brucella abortus","volume":"32","author":"Aparicio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2019.51.3.sc3","article-title":"Evidence of Brucella abortus in non-preferred caprine and ovine hosts by real-time PCR assay","volume":"51","author":"Saleem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, U., Ali, S., Khan, T.M., El-Adawy, H., Melzer, F., Khan, A.U., Iftikhar, A., and Neubauer, H. (2019). Seroepidemiology and the molecular detection of animal brucellosis in Punjab, Pakistan. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100449"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamil, T., Melzer, F., Khan, I., Iqbal, M., Saqib, M., Hammad Hussain, M., Schwarz, S., and Neubauer, H. (2019). Serological and molecular investigation of Brucella species in dogs in Pakistan. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040294"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1148-9","article-title":"Serological, molecular detection and potential risk factors associated with camel brucellosis in Pakistan","volume":"48","author":"Fatima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02702","article-title":"African lineage Brucella melitensis isolates from Omani livestock","volume":"8","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"605","article-title":"Brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats: Diagnosis, control and vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Fensterbank","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Corbel, M.J. (2006). Brucellosis in Humans and Animals, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.14.3.861","article-title":"Rates of seroconversion in the progeny of Brucella abortus seropositive and seronegative cattle and buffalo","volume":"14","author":"Akhtar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.009","article-title":"Human brucellosis caused by raw dairy products: A review on the occurrence, major risk factors and prevention","volume":"292","author":"Dadar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10028-1328","article-title":"Brucellosis: A case report and literature review","volume":"53","author":"Hakeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med. Ed. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, A.S., and Brachman, P.S. (1998). Brucellosis. Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5327-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283638104","article-title":"Brucellosis in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"26","author":"Rubach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2010.51.296","article-title":"Diagnosis of brucellosis in livestock and wildlife","volume":"51","author":"Godfroid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00073","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00073-19","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis","volume":"33","author":"Yagupsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584624","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/584624","article-title":"Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine: Immune response after calfhood vaccination and field investigation in Italian cattle population","volume":"2008","author":"Tittarelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0714-3","article-title":"Rev1 wbdR tagged vaccines against Brucella ovis","volume":"50","author":"Iriarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.10.003","article-title":"Control and eradication of Brucella melitensis infection in sheep and goats","volume":"27","author":"Blasco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-017-0052-z","article-title":"Brucella abortus: Current Research and Future Trends","volume":"4","author":"Jamil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2019). Economic Survey of Pakistan 2018-19 Chapter 2: Agriculture, Ministry of Finance."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"35","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in bovines at farms under different management conditions","volume":"2","author":"Farooq","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"FAO (2010). Status of and Prospects for Smallholder Milk Production in Pakistan, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i1522e\/i1522e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, October 01). Directorate of Livestock Farms, Livestock and Dairy Development, Punjab, Pakistan. Available online: https:\/\/dlfpunjab.webs.com\/introduction.htm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2019.029","article-title":"Sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of Q fever in cattle and buffaloes managed at institutional dairy farms","volume":"39","author":"Rashid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Thrushfield, M. (2007). Veterinary Epidemiology: Surveys, Blackwell Science Ltd.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2008.07.002","article-title":"Novel identification and differentiation of Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, B. ovis, B. canis, and B. neotomae suitable for both conventional and real-time PCR systems","volume":"75","author":"Brodard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Shahzad, A. (2017). Molecular Characterization and Pathological Studies of Brucella Species in Naturally Infected Animals. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Agriculture]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"RStudio (2016, November 02). Available online: https:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"147","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis: Old and new concepts with Pakistan perspective","volume":"32","author":"Abubakar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)05361-U","article-title":"Improved competitive enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis","volume":"46","author":"Nielsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.01.005","article-title":"A systematic review of current immunological tests for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis","volume":"151","author":"Ducrotoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gusi, A.M., Bertu, W.J., Jesus de Miguel, M., Dieste-Perez, L., Smits, H.L., Ocholi, R.A., Blasco, J.M., Moriyon, I., and Munoz, P.M. (2019). Comparative performance of lateral flow immunochromatography, iELISA and Rose Bengal tests for the diagnosis of cattle, sheep, goat and swine brucellosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007509"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2019.51.5.sc10","article-title":"Brucellosis is significantly associated with reproductive disorders in dairy cattle of Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"51","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"309","article-title":"Epidemiology of brucellosis at different livestock farms in the Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"35","author":"Gul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arif, S., Thomson, P.C., Hernandez-Jover, M., McGill, D.M., Warriach, H.M., and Heller, J. (2017). Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) relating to brucellosis in smallholder dairy farmers in two provinces in Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173365"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S., Akhter, S., Neubauer, H., Melzer, F., Khan, I., Abatih, E.N., El-Adawy, H., Irfan, M., Muhammad, A., and Akbar, M.W. (2017). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis in the Potohar Plateau, Pakistan. BMC Res. Notes, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2394-2"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2734.1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Brucella abortus in dairy cattle herds with high abortion rates","volume":"97","author":"Shabbir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.19045\/bspab.2018.70069","article-title":"Seroprevalance of Brucella abortus in cattle and buffaloes in district Rajanpur, Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"144","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in animals at government and private livestock farms in Punjab","volume":"24","author":"Nasir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01171.x","article-title":"Serological evidence of Brucella abortus prevalence in Punjab province, Pakistan-a cross-sectional study","volume":"57","author":"Abubakar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"454","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in food animals in the Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"34","author":"Gul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafee, M., Rabbani, M., Sheikh, A.A., and Razzaq, A. (2011). Prevalence of bovine brucellosis in organized dairy farms, using milk ELISA, in Quetta City, Balochistan, Pakistan. Vet. Med. Int.","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/358950"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1360","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with brucellosis as a professional hazard in Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"986","article-title":"Frequency of brucellosis in high risk human groups in Pakistan detected through Polymerase Chain Reaction and its comparison with conventional Slide Agglutination Test","volume":"16","author":"Asif","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Brucellosis in a high risk occupational group: Seroprevalence and analysis of risk factors","volume":"60","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-013-0448-6","article-title":"Isolation and identification of bovine Brucella isolates from Pakistan by biochemical tests and PCR","volume":"46","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"360","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in cattle and humans at the North West of Pakistan","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.17957\/IJAB\/15.0088","article-title":"Serological and nucleic acid based detection of brucellosis in livestock species and molecular characterization of Brucella melitensis strains isolated from Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"Mahmood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2016\/4.8.394.397","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of outbreak of bru-cellosis at private dairy farm, Central Punjab-Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"Kaleem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0293-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Brucella melitensis in Kazakhstan","volume":"6","author":"Shevtsov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-11-24","article-title":"In vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing of Brucella isolates from Egypt between 1999 and 2007 and evidence of probable rifampin resistance","volume":"11","author":"House","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"CFSPH (2018). Brucellosis, Center for Food Security and Public Health. Available online: http:\/\/www.cfsph.iastate.edu\/Factsheets\/pdfs\/brucellosis.pdf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0077-1","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of six chemical agents on smooth Brucella melitensis strain","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.03.003","article-title":"Pathogenesis and immunobiology of brucellosis: Review of Brucella-host interactions","volume":"185","author":"Ficht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.165","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis in Pakistan; an analysis of engagement with risk factors in smallholder farmer settings","volume":"5","author":"Arif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2017.49.3.sc2","article-title":"Molecular identification of bovine brucellosis causing organisms at selected private farms in Pothohar Plateau, Pakistan","volume":"49","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of Brucella abortus among dairy cattle and buffaloes in Pothohar Plateau, Pakistan","volume":"45","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.rjvp\/2014\/2.4.63.66","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in cattle in southern area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Bakhtullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Vet. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.11.001","article-title":"Abortions in an organized dairy farm from North India reveal the possibility of breed susceptibility to Bovine Brucellosis","volume":"5","author":"Mittal","year":"2018","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, D.R., Sivalingam, J., Mishra, S.K., Kumar, A., Vineeth, M.R., Chaudhuri, P., Kataria, R.S., and Niranjan, S.K. (2019). Differential expression of cytokines in PBMC of Bos indicus and Bos taurus\u00d7Bos indicus cattle due to Brucella abortus S19 antigen. Anim. Biotech.","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2018.1555167"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.07.018","article-title":"Frequency of bovine Nramp1 (Slc11a1) alleles in Holstein and Zebu breeds","volume":"109","author":"Paixao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2019.091","article-title":"Comparative association of slc11a1 (Nramp1) gene with susceptibility and resistance to brucellosis in various cattle and buffaloes breeds of Pakistan","volume":"39","author":"Akhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"145","article-title":"Epidemiology and epizootology of brucellosis: A review","volume":"27","author":"Gul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/4\/1412\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:59:49Z","timestamp":1760173189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/4\/1412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17041412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17041412","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]}}}