{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:47:17Z","timestamp":1792511237972,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Previous research found that statins, in addition to its efficiency in treating hyperlipidemia, may also incur adverse drug reactions, which mainly include myopathies and abnormalities in liver function. Aim: This study aims to assess the risk for newly onset sarcopenia among patients with chronic kidney disease using statins. Material and Method: In a nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study, 75,637 clinically confirmed cases of chronic kidney disease between 1997 and 2011were selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The selection of the chronic kidney disease cohort included a discharge diagnosis with chronic kidney disease or more than 3 outpatient visits with the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease found within 1 year. After consideration of patient exclusions, we finally got a total number of 67,001 cases of chronic kidney disease in the study. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to perform preliminary analysis on the effect of statins usage on the occurrence of newly diagnosed sarcopenia; the Cox proportional hazards model with time-dependent covariates was conducted to take into consideration the individual temporal differences in medication usage, and calculated the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval after controlling for gender, age, income, and urbanization. Results: Our main findings indicated that patients with chronic kidney disease who use statins seem to effectively prevent patients from occurrences of sarcopenia, high dosage of statins seem to show more significant protective effects, and the results are similar over long-term follow-up. In addition, the risk for newly diagnosed sarcopenia among patients with lipophilic statins treatment was lower than that among patients with hydrophilic statins treatment. Conclusion: It seems that patients with chronic kidney disease could receive statin treatment to reduce the occurrence of newly diagnosed sarcopenia. Additionally, a higher dosage of statins could reduce the incidence of newly diagnosed sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1582773676000},"page":"1494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hyperlipidemia and Statins Use for the Risk of New Diagnosed Sarcopenia in Patients with Chronic Kidney: A Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8592-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Yunlin Christian Hospital, Yunlin 64866, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"She-Yu","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Hsuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Liang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Medicine and rehabilitation, China Medical University, Hsinchu 302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pau-Chung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Chao","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28047","article-title":"Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration","volume":"90","author":"Delmonico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.10.1059","article-title":"The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: The health, aging and body composition study","volume":"61","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.167","article-title":"Association between Body Composition and Pulmonary Function in Elderly People: The Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02566.x","article-title":"Defining sarcopenia in terms of risk of physical limitations: A 5-year follow-up study of 3153 Chinese men and women","volume":"57","author":"Woo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.01.003","article-title":"Impact of Skeletal Muscle Mass on Long-Term Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"119","author":"Harada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv133","article-title":"Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease on conservative therapy: Prevalence and association with mortality","volume":"30","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.05.016","article-title":"Recent Advances in Sarcopenia Research in Asia: 2016 Update from the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.04.007","article-title":"Muscle atrophy, inflammation and clinical outcome in incident and prevalent dialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Carrero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. (Edinb. Scotl.)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2007.05.004","article-title":"Multicenter study of the validity and reliability of subjective global assessment in the hemodialysis population","volume":"17","author":"Steiber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a","article-title":"American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC\/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"129","author":"Stone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.31","article-title":"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in CKD: Summary of recommendation statements and clinical approach to the patient","volume":"85","author":"Wanner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.10.005","article-title":"KDOQI US commentary on the 2013 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in CKD","volume":"65","author":"Sarnak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"711","article-title":"Considerations for safe use of statins: Liver enzyme abnormalities and muscle toxicity","volume":"83","author":"Gillett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.3.531","article-title":"Lower serum albumin concentration and change in muscle mass: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study","volume":"82","author":"Visser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clinic. Nutrit."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcp093","article-title":"Statin therapy, muscle function and falls risk in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"102","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qjm-Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.3540","article-title":"Nationwide Population Science: Lessons from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database","volume":"175","author":"Hsing","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020, January 09). National Health Insurance Research Database, Taiwan. Available online: http:\/\/nhird.nhri.org.tw\/en\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","article-title":"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)","volume":"311","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment 2016, WHO."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.44.6831","article-title":"Statins and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"31","author":"Tsan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.08802.x","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in maintenance dialysis patients: Clinical considerations","volume":"64","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.7.1723","article-title":"The effect of uraemia, acidosis, and dialysis treatment on protein metabolism: A longitudinal leucine kinetic study","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V84632","article-title":"Correction of acidosis in hemodialysis decreases whole-body protein degradation","volume":"8","author":"Graham","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"E230","article-title":"Correction of acidosis in humans with CRF decreases protein degradation and amino acid oxidation","volume":"265","author":"Reaich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, V.A., Oliveira, D., Barbosa, S.R., Corr\u00eaa, J.O.D.A., Colugnati, F.A.B., Mansur, H.N., Fernandes, N.M.D.S., and Bastos, M.G. (2017). Sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis: Analysis of the prevalence and associated factors. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176230"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50140","article-title":"A controlled, prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease","volume":"41","author":"Bianchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(01)00162-7","article-title":"Cellular cholesterol efflux","volume":"1533","author":"Fielding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04371206","article-title":"Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: The Treating to New Targets (TNT) study","volume":"2","author":"Shepherd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.01.001","article-title":"Effects of statin therapy on cerebrovascular and renal outcomes in patients with predialysis advanced chronic kidney disease and dyslipidemia","volume":"11","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"National Health Research Institutes (2015). Taiwan Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Guidelines, National Health Research Institutes."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.02.074","article-title":"Simvastatin impairs exercise training adaptations","volume":"62","author":"Mikus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2015.01.004","article-title":"Changes in muscle strength in individuals with statin-induced myopathy: A summary of 3 investigations","volume":"9","author":"Panza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/5\/1494\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:01:47Z","timestamp":1760173307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/5\/1494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17051494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17051494","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]}}}