{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:20:25Z","timestamp":1790882425867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness","award":["RTI2018-094212-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094212-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"nternational University of la Rioja, Project \u201cCyberpsychology (Trienio 2017-20)","award":["Cyberpsychology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cyberpsychology"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Online gaming is a very common form of leisure among adolescents and young people, although its excessive and\/or compulsive use is associated with psychological impairments in a minority of gamers. The latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, Section III) tentatively introduced Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Since then, a number of evaluation tools using the DSM-5 criteria have been developed, including the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale\u2013Short Form (IGDS9-SF). The main objective of this study was to translate and adapt the IGDS9-SF into Spanish, as well as to obtain indicators relating to its validity and reliability. The Spanish version of four scales were administered: IGDS9-SF, Mobile Phone-Related Experiences Questionnaire (CERM), Online Gambling Disorder Questionnaire (OGD-Q), and KIDSCREEN-27. The sample comprised 535 Vocational Training students (mean age 18.35 years; SD\u00b12.13; 78.5% males) who reported playing video games in the past 12 months. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a one-dimensional model with a good fit while the reliability indicators were satisfactory. Findings indicated that 1.9% of gamers were classified with IGD (meeting five or more criteria for more than 12 months). Additionally, another 1.9% were considered gamers \u2018at-risk\u2019 because they endorsed four criteria. Positive and significant relationships were found between the IGDS9-SF, the CERM, and the OGD-Q. Participants classified with IGD had poorer health-related quality of life. In conclusion, the Spanish IGDS9-SF is a valid and reliable instrument to assess IGD according to the DSM-5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T03:13:28Z","timestamp":1583205208000},"page":"1562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Spanish Validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale\u2013Short Form (IGDS9-SF): Prevalence and Relationship with Online Gambling and Quality of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Beranuy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Machimbarrena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa, 70, 20018 Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8527-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Asunci\u00f3n","family":"Vega-Os\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad P\u00fablica de Navarra (UPNA), Calle Catalu\u00f1a, s\/n, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9714-1568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Carbonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull. Calle C\u00edster, 34, 08022 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark D.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8020-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halley M.","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tasmania, School of Psychological Sciences, Newnham Campus, Building O, Launceston TAS 7250, Australia"},{"name":"The International Cyberpsychology and Addictions Research Laboratory (iCARL), University of Tasmania, Launceston TAS 7250, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2865-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.53841\/bpscpf.1995.1.76.14","article-title":"Technological addictions","volume":"76","author":"Griffiths","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Forum"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237","article-title":"Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder","volume":"1","author":"Young","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.97.2.006","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on Internet, video games, and cell phone addiction","volume":"97","author":"Carbonell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Libr. Assoc. JMLA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990617","article-title":"Internet addiction: A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade","volume":"20","author":"Kuss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2018). Generalised versus specific internet use-related addiction problems: A mixed methods study on internet, gaming, and social networking behaviours. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122913"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13754","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Paulus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00041-8","article-title":"A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.03.012","article-title":"Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach","volume":"26","author":"Caplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00004-3","article-title":"Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being: Development of a theory-based cognitive\u2013behavioral measurement instrument","volume":"18","author":"Caplan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-011-9318-5","article-title":"Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research","volume":"10","author":"Kuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2016.0304","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder explains unique variance in psychological distress and disability after controlling for comorbid depression, OCD, ADHD, and anxiety","volume":"20","author":"Pearcy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.12.021","article-title":"Compulsive internet use: The role of online gaming and other internet applications","volume":"47","author":"Schoenmakers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-013-9404-7","article-title":"How the internet is changing gambling: Findings from an Australian prevalence survey","volume":"31","author":"Gainsbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabrera, J., Machimbarrena, J.M., Beranuy, M., P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez, P., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, L., and Calvete, E. (2020). Design and measurement properties of the Online Gambling Disorder Questionnaire (OGD-Q) in Spanish adolescents. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9010120"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444810397650","article-title":"A comparative profile of the Internet gambler: Demographic characteristics, game-play patterns, and problem gambling status","volume":"13","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2011.588351","article-title":"Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research","volume":"20","author":"Griffiths","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.95","article-title":"Predicting compulsive internet use: It\u2019s all about sex!","volume":"9","author":"Meerkerk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12713","article-title":"Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits: Online social networking addiction","volume":"109","author":"Hormes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.016","article-title":"The uses and abuses of Facebook: A review of Facebook addiction","volume":"3","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2016.1197915","article-title":"A critical consideration of social networking sites\u2019 addiction potential","volume":"25","author":"Carbonell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018). The ICD-11 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890500114359","article-title":"A \u2018components\u2019 model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework","volume":"10","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontes, H.M., Kir\u00e1ly, O., Demetrovics, Z., and Griffiths, M.D. (2014). The conceptualisation and measurement of DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: The development of the IGD-20 Test. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110137"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.59","article-title":"Including gaming disorder in the ICD-11: The need to do so from a clinical and public health perspective: Commentary on: A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution (van Rooij et al., 2018)","volume":"7","author":"Rumpf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Videojuegos La industria del videojuego en espa\u00f1a (2018). Anuario 2018, Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Videojuegos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12459","article-title":"Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in adolescents: A meta-analysis across three decades","volume":"59","author":"Fam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmela-Aro, K. (2011). Stages of Adolescence. Encyclopedia of Adolescence, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-373951-3.00043-0"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Masc\u00f3, A. (2013). Entre Generaciones [between Generations], Temas."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12457","article-title":"An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach: Internet gaming disorder","volume":"109","author":"Petry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wartberg, L., Kriston, L., and Thomasius, R. (2017). The prevalence and psychosocial correlates of internet gaming disorder. Dtsch. Aerzteblatt Online.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0419"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20140806-05","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder","volume":"44","author":"Yau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.40.6.3","article-title":"Prevalence of internet gaming disorder among Korean adolescents and associations with non-psychotic psychological symptoms, and physical aggression","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.06.010","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder: Trends in prevalence 1998\u20132016","volume":"75","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-018-0219-6","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of problematic online gaming: A systematic review of the evidence published in Chinese","volume":"5","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.0599","article-title":"Problematic video gaming in a young Spanish population: Association with psychosocial health","volume":"21","author":"Gentile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.11.050","article-title":"Spanish validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder-20 (IGD-20) Test","volume":"56","author":"Fuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.890","article-title":"Adolescentes con trastorno por juego en internet (IGD): Perfiles y respuesta al tratamiento","volume":"29","author":"Pardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1353","article-title":"Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study","volume":"127","author":"Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010","article-title":"The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000062","article-title":"The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale","volume":"27","author":"Lemmens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thom\u00e9e, S., H\u00e4renstam, A., and Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults-a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-66"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.111","article-title":"Treatment efficacy of a specialized psychotherapy program for Internet Gaming Disorder","volume":"7","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0517","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity assessed in Korean children and adolescents who screen positive for internet addiction","volume":"67","author":"Ha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.09.005","article-title":"A meta-analysis of pathological gaming prevalence and comorbidity with mental health, academic and social problems","volume":"45","author":"Ferguson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.751","article-title":"Uso problem\u00e1tico de internet en estudiantes universitarios: Factores asociados y diferencias de g\u00e9nero","volume":"27","author":"Llorca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.04.011","article-title":"The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: A review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Ko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000355832","article-title":"Investigating risk factors for internet gaming disorder: A comparison of patients with addictive gaming, pathological gamblers and healthy controls regarding the big five personality traits","volume":"20","author":"Beutel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.4.6","article-title":"Similarities and differences among Internet gaming disorder, gambling disorder and alcohol use disorder: A focus on impulsivity and compulsivity","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.11.004","article-title":"Neurobiological correlates of internet gaming disorder: Similarities to pathological gambling","volume":"64","author":"Mann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C.-H., Lin, S.-H., Pan, Y.-C., and Lin, Y.-H. (2016). Smartphone gaming and frequent use pattern associated with smartphone addiction. Medicine, 95.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004068"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.007","article-title":"Quality of life in children: A critical examination of concepts, approaches, issues, and future directions","volume":"45","author":"Wallander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Kidscreen Group Europe (2006). The KIDSCREEN Questionnaires-Quality of Life Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents, Handbook, Pabst Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1605-z","article-title":"Prevalence of pathological and maladaptive Internet use and the association with depression and health-related quality of life in Japanese elementary and junior high school-aged children","volume":"53","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.JFCM_66_17","article-title":"Health-related quality of life among female university students in Dammam district: Is Internet use related?","volume":"25","author":"Barayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fam. Community Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernaldo-de-Quir\u00f3s, M., Labrador-M\u00e9ndez, M., S\u00e1nchez-Iglesias, I., and Labrador, F.J. (2019). Instrumentos de medida del trastorno de juego en internet en adolescentes y j\u00f3venes seg\u00fan criterios DSM-5: Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica [Measuring instruments for internet gambling disorder in adolescents and young people according to DSM-5 criteria: A systematic review]. Adicciones.","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.1277"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.12.006","article-title":"Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale","volume":"45","author":"Pontes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-018-9610-7","article-title":"Psychometric testing of three Chinese online-related addictive behavior instruments among Hong Kong university students","volume":"90","author":"Yam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montag, C., Schivinski, B., Sariyska, R., Kannen, C., Demetrovics, Z., and Pontes, H.M. (2019). Psychopathological symptoms and gaming motives in disordered gaming\u2014A psychometric comparison between the WHO and APA diagnostic frameworks. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101691"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Such\u00e1, J., Dolej\u0161, M., Pipov\u00e1, H., Maierov\u00e1, E., and Cakirpaloglu, P. (2018). Hran\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edch her \u010desk\u00fdmi adolescenty, Univerzita Palack\u00e9ho v Olomouci: K\u0159\u00ed\u017ekovsk\u00e9ho. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.5507\/ff.18.24454245"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.042","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder among Slovenian primary schoolchildren: Findings from a nationally representative sample of adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Pontes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.083","article-title":"Validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale\u2014Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) in an Italian-speaking sample","volume":"5","author":"Monacis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.025","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Persian nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale\u2013Short Form: Does gender and hours spent online gaming affect the interpretations of item descriptions?","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"167","article-title":"Psychiatric Symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students","volume":"34","author":"Aricak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.05.002","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale\u2013Short Form (IGDS9-SF)","volume":"265","author":"Evren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"176","article-title":"Psychometric assessment of the internet gaming disorder diagnostic criteria: An item response theory study","volume":"8","author":"Schivinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2015.0605","article-title":"Portuguese validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale\u2013Short-Form","volume":"19","author":"Pontes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severo, R.B., Barbosa, A.P.P.N., Fouchy, D.R.C., Coelho, F.M.d.C., Pinheiro, R.T., de Figueiredo, V.L.M., de Siqueira Afonso, V., Pontes, H.M., and Pinheiro, K.A.T. (2020). Development and psychometric validation of Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) in a Brazilian sample. Addict. Behav., 103.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106191"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2020, January 18). Ethnologue What are the top 200 most spoken languages?. Available online: https:\/\/www.ethnologue.com\/guides\/ethnologue200."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Instituto Cervantes (2020, February 20). El espa\u00f1ol: Una lengua viva. Informe 2019 [Spanish: A Living Language. 2019 report]. Available online: https:\/\/www.cervantes.es\/imagenes\/File\/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1iz, J., and Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2019). Diez pasos para la construcci\u00f3n de un test. Psicothema, 7\u201316."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"480","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de dos escalas breves para evaluar la adicci\u00f3n a Internet y el abuso de m\u00f3vil [Validation of two short scales to assess Internet addiction and mobile abuse]","volume":"21","author":"Beranuy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2015). IBM Corp Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows, IBM Corp."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Revelle, W. (2015). Psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research, Northwestern University. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for structural equation modeling. J. Stat. Softw., 48.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Giang, M., Mai, Y., and Yuan, K.-H. (2020, February 27). Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=equaltestMI."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Byrne, B.M. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, application, and programming, Lawrence Elbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables: Bollen\/structural equations with latent variables, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.059","article-title":"Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire","volume":"49","author":"Yildirim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n-Mej\u00eda, A., Calvete, E., Patino-Alonso, C., Machimbarrena, J.M., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabrera, J. (2020). Factor structure and sex and age cut-off points for the Spanish version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire. Adicciones."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"137","article-title":"Adaptaci\u00f3n al espa\u00f1ol del cuestionario Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) en una muestra de adolescentes [Spanish adaptation of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) in a sample of adolescents]","volume":"45","author":"Calvete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1089\/glr2.2018.2216","article-title":"Is the buying of loot boxes in video games a form of gambling or gaming?","volume":"22","author":"Griffiths","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gaming Law Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/5\/1562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:02:41Z","timestamp":1760173361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/5\/1562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17051562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17051562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]}}}