{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:45:39Z","timestamp":1760237139134,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is the most important and widespread mosquito-borne virus in the United States (U.S.). WNV has the ability to spread rapidly and effectively, infecting more than 320 bird and mammalian species. An examination of environmental conditions and the health of keystone species may help predict the susceptibility of various habitats to WNV and reveal key risk factors, annual trends, and vulnerable regions. Since 2002, WNV outbreaks in Wisconsin varied by species, place, and time, significantly affected by unique climatic, environmental, and geographical factors. During a 15 year period, WNV was detected in 71 of 72 counties, resulting in 239 human and 1397 wildlife cases. Controlling for population and sampling efforts in Wisconsin, rates of WNV are highest in the western and northwestern rural regions of the state. WNV incidence rates were highest in counties with low human population densities, predominantly wetland, and at elevations greater than 1000 feet. Resources for surveillance, prevention, and detection of WNV were lowest in rural counties, likely resulting in underestimation of cases. Overall, increasing mean temperature and decreasing precipitation showed positive influence on WNV transmission in Wisconsin. This study incorporates the first statewide assessment of WNV in Wisconsin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T07:15:26Z","timestamp":1583738126000},"page":"1767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 15 Year Evaluation of West Nile Virus in Wisconsin: Effects on Wildlife and Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3057-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny A.","family":"Uelmen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 610 Walnut Street, 707 WARF Building, Madison, WI 53726, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Brokopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 610 Walnut Street, 707 WARF Building, Madison, WI 53726, USA"},{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, P.O. Box 7904, Madison, WI 53718, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Patz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 610 Walnut Street, 707 WARF Building, Madison, WI 53726, USA"},{"name":"Nelson Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 258 Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130561","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0561","article-title":"Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context","volume":"370","author":"Paz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 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