{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:07Z","timestamp":1787028307530,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["676060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["676060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Residential proximity to industrial facilities that release pollutants is a source of exposure to a high number of toxics, many of them known or suspected carcinogens. The objective of the study was to analyze the association between lung, larynx, bladder, and kidney cancer mortality and deprivation in areas proximate to polluting industrial facilities in Cadiz, a highly industrialized province in Spain. An ecological study at census tract level was carried out to estimate the mortality rates associated with deprivation and proximity to polluting industrial facilities (1\u20135 km) using the Besag\u2013York\u2013Molli\u00e9 model. The results show a negative social gradient for lung and larynx cancers in males and greater risk of lung cancer was observed in the least deprived areas in females. These associations were found regardless the distance to industrial facilities. Increasing excess risk (relative risk; 95% credibility interval) of lung cancer for males (1.09; 1.02\u20131.16 at 5 km vs 1.24; 1.08\u20131.41 at 1 km) and bladder cancer for males (1.11; 1.01\u20131.22 at 5 km vs 1.32; 1.08\u20131.60 at 1 km) and females (1.32; 1.04\u20131.69 at 4 km vs 1.91; 1.28\u20132.86 at 1 km) was found as proximity to polluting industrial facilities increased. For kidney cancer, high risks were observed near such facilities for both sexes. Knowing the possible influence of industrial pollution and social inequalities over cancer risk allows the definition of policies aimed at reducing the risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17061860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T08:58:59Z","timestamp":1584089939000},"page":"1860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cancer Mortality and Deprivation in the Proximity of Polluting Industrial Facilities in an Industrial Region of Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Santos-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Business, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1755-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"C\u00f3rdoba-Do\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Jerez University Hospital, Ronda de Circunvalaci\u00f3n s\/n, 11407 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0300-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avenida Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica-CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Escolar-Pujolar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, C\u00e1diz, Avenida Mar\u00eda Auxiliadora 2, 11009 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Business, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Ramis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avenida Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica-CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (2019, January 16). Defunciones seg\u00fan la Causa de Muerte. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/dynt3\/inebase\/es\/index.htm?padre=5449&capsel=5450."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Abente, G., Ramis, R., Poll\u00e1n, M., Aragon\u00e9s, N., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, B., G\u00f3mez-Barroso, D., Carrasco, J.M., Lope, V., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, J., and Boldo, E. (2006). Atlas Municipal de Mortalidad Por C\u00e1ncer En Espa\u00f1a, 1989\u20131998, Instituto de Salud Carlos III."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdoba Do\u00f1a, J.A., Mart\u00ednez Nieto, J.M., and Almenara Barrios, J. (2015). Situaci\u00f3n del c\u00e1ncer en la provincia de C\u00e1diz. periodo 2007\u20132009. La Salud en C\u00e1diz y sus Determinantes, Editorial UCA. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de C\u00e1diz."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (2020, March 05). Servidor Interactivo de Informaci\u00f3n Epidemiol\u00f3gica (ARIADNA). Available online: http:\/\/ariadna.cne.isciii.es."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2017.05.013","article-title":"Pollution and regional variations of lung cancer mortality in the United States","volume":"49","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.12.062","article-title":"Mortality due to lung, laryngeal and bladder cancer in towns lying in the vicinity of combustion installations","volume":"407","author":"Boldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13067","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1538-9","article-title":"Air Pollution from Industrial Waste Gas Emissions Is Associated With Cancer Incidences in Shanghai, China","volume":"25","author":"Cong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"EPER (2019, October 15). European Pollutant Emission Register. Available online: https:\/\/prtr.eea.europa.eu\/#\/home."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17080","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04868-x","article-title":"A study on the characteristics of pollutant release and transfer registers (PRTRs) and cancer incidence rates in Korea","volume":"26","author":"Im","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.001","article-title":"Prostate cancer and industrial pollution: Risk around putative focus in a multi-source scenario","volume":"37","author":"Ramis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, J., Boldo, E., Ramis, R., Poll\u00e1n, M., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, B., Aragon\u00e9s, M., and L\u00f3pez-Abente, G. (2007). Description of industrial pollution in Spain. BMC Public Health, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-40"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-10-6","article-title":"Cancer mortality inequalities in urban areas: A Bayesian small area analysis in Spanish cities","volume":"10","author":"Gotsens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr213","article-title":"Association of proximity to polluting industries, deprivation and mortality in small areas of the Basque Country (Spain)","volume":"23","author":"Cambra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31819464e1","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and socioeconomic status: A spatial autocorrelation study to assess environmental equity on a small-area scale","volume":"20","author":"Havard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Observatorio de Desigualdad de Andaluc\u00eda (2019, July 17). I Informe. Available online: https:\/\/observatoriodesigualdadandalucia.org\/sites\/default\/files\/i_informe_oda_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ajuria, A., Oca\u00f1a-Riola, R., S\u00e1nchez-Cantalejo, C., S\u00e1nchez-Villegas, P., and Daponte-Codina, A. (2019, April 07). Estudio Sobre la Mortalidad por Municipios en la Provincia de C\u00e1diz y Estudio Sobre la Situaci\u00f3n de Salud en la Provincia de C\u00e1diz. Escuela Andaluza de Salud P\u00fablica. Available online: https:\/\/www.juntadeandalucia.es\/export\/drupaljda\/salud_5af9587a082ec_mortalidad_salud_cadiz.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Grupo de Trabajo de la Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Epidemiolog\u00eda (2019, May 27). Dictamen realizado por Encargo del Defensor del Pueblo Andaluz Sobre El Exceso de Mortalidad y Morbilidad Detectado en Varias Investigaciones en El Campo de Gibraltar. Available online: https:\/\/www.seepidemiologia.es\/documents\/dummy\/DICTAMEN_CampoGibraltar-Definitiva.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda (2019, July 23). Geocoder Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.juntadeandalucia.es\/repositorio\/usuario\/listado\/fichacompleta.jsf;jsessionid=32672964E117FF07126FCC02C7318F87?linkDummyForm:_idcl=_id153&idProyecto=679&."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (2019, February 18). Callejero del Censo Electoral. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.es\/ss\/Satellite?L=es_ES&c=Page&cid=1259952026632&p=1259952026632&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1157\/13091146","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n de las desigualdades sociales en la mortalidad general de la ciudad de Sevilla (1994\u20132002)","volume":"20","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0137","article-title":"Social inequalities in HIV-TB and non-HIV-TB patients in two urban areas in southern Spain: Multilevel analysis","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2014.02.003","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n de las desigualdades sociales en la mortalidad general de la ciudad de C\u00e1diz (1992\u20132007)","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7276.1547","article-title":"The ghost of Christmas past: Health effects of poverty in London in 1896 and 1991","volume":"321","author":"Dorling","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-1","article-title":"Validation of the geographic position of EPER-Spain industries","volume":"7","author":"Boldo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"UNSCEAR (2018, December 10). UNSCEAR 2006 Report: Volume I: Annex A: Epidemiological Studies of Radiation and Cancer. Available online: http:\/\/www.unscear.org\/unscear\/en\/publications.html."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116466","article-title":"Bayesian image restoration with two applications in spatial statistics","volume":"43","author":"Besag","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Stat. Math."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2008.00700.x","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models using integrated nested Laplace approximations (with discussion)","volume":"71","author":"Rue","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2018, November 22). The R-INLA Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.r-inla.org\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/13.1.56","article-title":"Gender and educational differences in smoking initiation rates in Spain from 1948 to 1992","volume":"13","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00359-2016","article-title":"Risk Factors for Lung Cancer Worldwide","volume":"48","author":"Malhotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00157.x","article-title":"Obesity, Diets, and Social Inequalities","volume":"67","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0347-z","article-title":"Time trends in adherence to UK dietary recommendations and associated sociodemographic inequalities, 1986\u20132012: A repeated cross-sectional analysis","volume":"73","author":"Yau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890109604466","article-title":"Cancer risk associated with residential proximity to industrial sites: A review","volume":"56","author":"Benedetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i26","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl073","article-title":"Social inequalities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in the study countries of the EU concerted action \u2018Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: A Multi-national Study\u2019","volume":"41","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818798626","article-title":"Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Stage at Presentation for Larynx Cancer in Canada\u2019s Universal Health Care System? Otolaryngol","volume":"160","author":"Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.9.611","article-title":"Small area study of mortality among people living near multiple sources of air pollution","volume":"55","author":"Michelozzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Abente, G., Aragon\u00e9s, N., Ramis, R., Hern\u00e1ndez-Barrera, V., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, B., Escolar-Pujolar, A., and Pollan, M. (2006). Municipal distribution of bladder cancer mortality in Spain: Possible role of mining and industry. BMC Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-17"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009507","article-title":"Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of Northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water","volume":"147","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.12.017","article-title":"Environmental arsenic exposure: From genetic susceptibility to pathogenesis","volume":"112","author":"Minatel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57605","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17745","article-title":"Biological effects and epidemiological consequences of arsenic exposure, and reagents that can ameliorate arsenic damage in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CACO.0000007962.19066.9c","article-title":"Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe","volume":"14","author":"Kogevinas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-S1-S11","article-title":"Bladder cancer, a review of the environmental risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Mosoiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menvielle, G., Rey, G., Jougla, E., and Luce, D. (2013). Diverging trends in educational inequalities in cancer mortality between men and women in the 2000s in France. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-823"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00402","article-title":"Socioeconomic Inequalities in Total and Site-Specific Cancer Incidence in Germany: A Population-Based Registry Study","volume":"8","author":"Hoebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17976","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17976","article-title":"Association between cadmium exposure and renal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.B., Shim, J.Y., Park, B., and Lee, Y.J. (2018). Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollutants and Cancer Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112608"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.6.1193","article-title":"Spatial correlation in ecological analysis","volume":"22","author":"Clayton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.49.Suppl_2.S20","article-title":"Disease risk near point sources: Statistical issues for analyses using individual or spatially aggregated data","volume":"49","author":"Diggle","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/6\/1860\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:06:35Z","timestamp":1760173595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/6\/1860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17061860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17061860","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]}}}