{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:56:49Z","timestamp":1790485009490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.","award":["xxxx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xxxx"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both West Nile and Usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. Both viruses circulate in Europe and Africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the Culex genus. We retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the Inner Niger Delta, Mali, and the Lake Alaotra area, Madagascar. Sera were first tested using a commercial ID Screen West Nile Competition Multi-species ELISA kit. Then, positive sera and sera with insufficient volume for testing with ELISA were tested with a Microneutralization Test. In Mali, the observed seroprevalence in domestic birds was 28.5% [24.5; 32.8] 95%CI, 3.1 % [1.8; 5.2] 95%CI, 6.2% [3.4; 10.2] 95%CI and 9.8 % [7.3; 12.8] 95%CI, for West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), undetermined flavivirus, and WNV\/USUV respectively. Regarding domestic birds of Madagascar, the observed seroprevalence was 4.4 % [2.1; 7.9]95%CI for WNV, 0.9% [0.1; 3.1] 95%CI for USUV, 1.3% [0.5; 2.8] 95%CI for undetermined flavivirus, and null for WNV\/USUV. Among the 150 wild birds sampled in Madagascar, two fulvous whistling-ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) were positive for WNV and two for an undetermined flavivirus. One white-faced whistling-duck (Dendrocygna viduata) and one Hottentot teal (Spatula hottentota) were tested positive for USUV. African and European wetlands are linked by wild bird migrations. This first detection of USUV\u2014as well as the confirmed circulation of WNV in domestic birds of two wetlands of Mali and Madagascar\u2014emphasizes the need to improve the surveillance, knowledge of epidemiological patterns, and phylogenetic characteristics of flavivirus in Africa, particularly in areas prone to sustained, intense flavivirus transmission such as wetlands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17061998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T03:54:14Z","timestamp":1584590054000},"page":"1998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh PO Box 983, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Marsot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Molia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Centre R\u00e9gional de Sant\u00e9 Animale, Parc Sotuba, Bamako, Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harena","family":"Rasamoelina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Rakotondravao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Pedrono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steeve","family":"Lowenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benoit","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Lecollinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv066","article-title":"Review of West Nile and Usutu virus co-circulation in Europe: How much do transmission cycles overlap?","volume":"109","author":"Nikolay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. 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