{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:39:21Z","timestamp":1780047561747,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the coming years, water stress is destined to worsen considering that the consumption of water is expected to increase significantly, and climate change is expected to become more evident. Greywater (GW) has been studied as an alternative water source in arid and semiarid zones. Although there is no single optimal solution in order to treat GW, constructed wetlands proved to be effective. In this paper, the results of the treatment of a real GW by a horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) for more than four months are shown. In the preliminary laboratory-scale plant, Phragmites australis, Carex oshimensis and Cyperus papyrus were tested separately and showed very similar results. In the second phase, pilot-scale tests were conducted to confirm the performance at a larger scale and evaluate the influence of hydraulic retention time, obtaining very high removal yields on turbidity (&gt;92%), total suspended solids (TSS) (&gt;85%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (&gt;89%), and five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) (&gt;88%). Based on the results of the pilot-scale HFCW, a comparison with international recommendations by World Health Organization and European Union is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T10:29:38Z","timestamp":1585650578000},"page":"2317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland for Greywater Treatment and Reuse: An Experimental Case"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0497-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Collivignarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Water Research, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3669-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Carnevale Miino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco Hernan","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7594-1169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Torretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via G.B. Vico 46, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Cristina","family":"Rada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via G.B. Vico 46, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Sorlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2019.101944","article-title":"The vulnerabilities of agricultural land and food production to future water scarcity","volume":"58","author":"Fitton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120114","article-title":"The effects of water stress on croplands in the Aral Sea basin","volume":"254","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. 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