{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:26:50Z","timestamp":1767860810734,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nuclear Safety Research Program through the Korea Foundation Of Nuclear Safety (KoFONS)","award":["1805019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805019"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS)","award":["50091-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50091-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Korean Radiation Worker Study investigated the health effects of protracted low-dose radiation among nuclear-related occupations in the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission in Korea. From 2016\u20132017, 20,608 workers were enrolled (86.5% men and 30.7% nuclear power plant workers). The mean cumulative dose \u00b1 standard deviation between 1984 and 2017 (1st quarter) was 11.8 \u00b1 28.8 (range 0\u2013417) mSv. Doses below recording level (\u22640.1 mSv) were reported in 7901 (38.3%) cases; 431 (2%) had cumulative doses \u2265100 mSv. From 1999\u20132016, 212 cancers (189 men, 23 women) occurred; thyroid cancer predominated (39.2%, 72 men, 11 women). In men, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers was significantly decreased (SIR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.66\u20130.88); however, that for thyroid cancer was significantly increased (SIR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.54\u20132.44). Compared to the non-exposed group (\u22640.1 mSv), the relative risk (RR) in the exposed group (&gt;0.1 mSv) after adjusting for sex, attained age, smoking status, and duration of employment was 0.82 (95% CI 0.60\u20131.12) for all cancers and 0.83 (95% CI 0.49\u20131.83) for thyroid cancer. The preliminary findings from this baseline study with a shorter follow-up than the latency period for solid cancer cannot exclude possible associations between radiation doses and cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T11:36:42Z","timestamp":1585654602000},"page":"2328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Cohort Study of Korean Radiation Workers: Baseline Characteristics of Participants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Soojin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songwon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalnim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunhoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0029-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Woo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncw314","article-title":"The International Nuclear Workers Study (Inworks): A Collaborative Epidemiological Study to Improve Knowledge About Health Effects of Protracted Low-Dose Exposure","volume":"173","author":"Laurier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(15)00094-0","article-title":"Ionising radiation and risk of death from leukaemia and lymphoma in radiation-monitored workers (INWORKS): An international cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Leuraud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h5359","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5359","article-title":"Risk of cancer from occupational exposure to ionising radiation: Retrospective cohort study of workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS)","volume":"351","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10811","article-title":"Cancer and other causes of mortality among radiologic technologists in the United States","volume":"103","author":"Mohan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"29","article-title":"Decreases in occupational exposure to ionizing radiation among Canadian dental workers","volume":"71","author":"Zielinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604825","article-title":"Mortality and cancer incidence following occupational radiation exposure: Third analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers","volume":"100","author":"Muirhead","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318167751d","article-title":"Cancer admission and mortality in workers exposed to ionizing radiation in Korea","volume":"50","author":"Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-009-0247-7","article-title":"Radiation exposure and cancer incidence in a cohort of nuclear power industry workers in the Republic of Korea, 1992\u20132005","volume":"49","author":"Jeong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2020, March 15). Personal Information Protection Act. Available online: http:\/\/www.global-regulation.com\/law\/korea\/644669\/personal-information-protection-act.html."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017359","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017359","article-title":"Assessing the health effects associated with occupational radiation exposure in Korean radiation workers: Protocol for a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38499.599861.E0","article-title":"Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: Retrospective cohort study in 15 countries","volume":"331","author":"Cardis","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.032631","article-title":"External radiation exposure and mortality in a cohort of French nuclear workers","volume":"64","author":"Samson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018171138","article-title":"A U.S. Multicenter Study of Recorded Occupational Radiation Badge Doses in Nuclear Medicine","volume":"287","author":"Villoing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-014-1002-1","article-title":"The radiologic technologists\u2019 health study in South Korea: Study design and baseline results","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2018-105019","article-title":"Mortality among diagnostic medical radiation workers in South Korea, 1996\u20132015","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2019). Nuclear Safety Yearbook, 2018."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2010). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2018). Sources, Effects and Risk of Ionizing Radiation UNSCEAR 2017 Report, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation; United Nations."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2019). 2018 Report Occupational Radiation Exposure in Diagnostic Radiology in Korea."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"388","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic medical exposure in Republic of Korea","volume":"168","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2016). National Helath Insurance System of Korea 2015, National Health Insurance Service."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2020, March 27). Occupational Safety And Health Act. Available online: https:\/\/www.global-regulation.com\/law\/korea\/644100\/occupational-safety-and-health-act.html."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-017-0157-0","article-title":"The current condition of the workers\u2019 general health examination in South Korea: A retrospective study","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.IJOEM_53_16","article-title":"Healthy Worker Effect Phenomenon: Revisited with Emphasis on Statistical Methods - A Review","volume":"21","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Occup Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/49.4.225","article-title":"A review of the healthy worker effect in occupational epidemiology","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nci327","article-title":"Radiation exposure and cause specific mortality among nuclear workers in Belgium (1969\u20131994)","volume":"117","author":"Engels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radia.t Prot. Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20768","article-title":"Cancer mortality among French nuclear contract workers","volume":"52","author":"Guerin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.48.358","article-title":"Cancer incidence among Australian nuclear industry workers","volume":"48","author":"Habib","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3258","article-title":"Analysis of the mortality experience amongst U.S. nuclear power industry workers after chronic low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation","volume":"162","author":"Howe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200005000-00005","article-title":"Radiation-epidemiological analysis of incidence of non-cancer diseases among the Chernobyl liquidators","volume":"78","author":"Ivanov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13988.1","article-title":"Cancer Mortality through 2005 among a Pooled Cohort of U.S. Nuclear Workers Exposed to External Ionizing Radiation","volume":"183","author":"Daniels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.4.309","article-title":"First analysis of cancer incidence and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada","volume":"153","author":"Sont","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11444","article-title":"Cancer incidence in the US radiologic technologists health study, 1983-1998","volume":"97","author":"Sigurdson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5745","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5745","article-title":"Association between screening and the thyroid cancer \u201cepidemic\u201d in South Korea: Evidence from a nationwide study","volume":"355","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/360113a0","article-title":"Thyroid cancer incidence","volume":"360","author":"Ron","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1409841","article-title":"Korea\u2019s thyroid-cancer \u201cepidemic\u201d\u2014Screening and overdiagnosis","volume":"371","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2975.1","article-title":"Risk of thyroid cancer among chernobyl liquidators","volume":"178","author":"Kesminiene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0460-z","article-title":"Thyroid cancer risks among medical radiation workers in South Korea, 1996\u20132015","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22065","article-title":"Thyroid cancer and employment as a radiologic technologist","volume":"119","author":"Zabel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.03.013","article-title":"Participation rates in epidemiologic studies","volume":"17","author":"Galea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13319","article-title":"How to investigate and adjust for selection bias in cohort studies","volume":"97","author":"Nohr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv122","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS)","volume":"45","author":"Hamra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000825","article-title":"The Past Informs the Future: An Overview of the Million Worker Study and the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works Cohort","volume":"114","author":"Boice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/34\/3\/595","article-title":"The cancer mortality and incidence experience of workers at British Nuclear Fuels plc, 1946-2005","volume":"34","author":"Gillies","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1051\/radiopro\/2017015","article-title":"Mortality in the French cohort of nuclear workers","volume":"52","author":"Leuraud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radioprotection"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.592","article-title":"A reanalysis of cancer mortality in Canadian nuclear workers (1956-1994) based on revised exposure and cohort data","volume":"110","author":"Zablotska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2015.060","article-title":"Cancer statistics in Korea: Incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2012","volume":"47","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/7\/2328\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:13:32Z","timestamp":1760174012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/7\/2328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17072328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17072328","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]}}}