{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:24:19Z","timestamp":1789097059967,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dangerous levels of harmful chemicals in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosols were reported by several studies, but variability in e-cigarette design and use patterns, and a rapid development of new devices, such as JUUL, hamper efforts to develop standardized testing protocols and understand health risks associated with e-cigarette use. In this study, we investigated the relative importance of e-cigarette design, power output, liquid composition, puff topography on e-cigarette emissions of carbonyl compounds, carbon monoxide (CO), and nicotine. Four popular e-cigarette devices representing the most common e-cigarette types (e.g., cig-a-like, top-coil, \u2018mod\u2019, and \u2018pod\u2019) were tested. Under the tested vaping conditions, a top-coil device generated the highest amounts of formaldehyde and CO. A \u2018pod\u2019 type device (i.e., JUUL) emitted the highest amounts of nicotine, while generating the lowest levels of carbonyl and CO as compared to other tested e-cigarettes. Emissions increased nearly linearly with puff duration, while puff flow had a relatively small effect. Flavored e-liquids generated more carbonyls and CO than unflavored liquids. Carbonyl concentrations and CO in e-cigarette aerosols were found to be well correlated. While e-cigarettes emitted generally less CO and carbonyls than conventional cigarettes, daily carbonyl exposures from e-cigarette use could still exceed acute exposure limits, with the top-coil device potentially posing more harm than conventional cigarettes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1587444578000},"page":"2767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Carbonyls and Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes Affected by Device Type and Use Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4773-6838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeongkwon","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2253-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiranjivi","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Samburova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Khlystov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2014, January 13\u201318). Electronic nicotine delivery systems, Report by WHO. Proceedings of the Conference of the Parties to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Moscow, Russia."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510185","article-title":"Flavoring Chemicals in E-Cigarettes: Diacetyl, 2, 3-Pentanedione, and Acetoin in a Sample of 51 Products, Including Fruit-, Candy-, and Cocktail-Flavored E-Cigarettes","volume":"124","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13080","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05145","article-title":"Flavoring compounds dominate toxic aldehyde production during e-cigarette vaping","volume":"50","author":"Khlystov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.01.004","article-title":"Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the heating coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours","volume":"219","author":"Geiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Envirn. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.12.019","article-title":"Effect of variable power levels on the yield of total aerosol mass and formation of aldehydes in e-cigarette aerosols","volume":"75","author":"Gillman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu078","article-title":"Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors\u2014Effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage","volume":"16","author":"Kosmider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw160","article-title":"Exposure to nicotine and selected toxicants in cigarette smokers who switched to electronic cigarettes: A longitudinal within-subjects observational study","volume":"19","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9644","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01741","article-title":"Emissions from electronic cigarettes: Key parameters affecting the release of harmful chemicals","volume":"50","author":"Sleiman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pankow, J.F., Kim, K., McWhirter, K.J., Luo, W., Escobedo, J.O., Strongin, R.M., Duell, A.K., and Peyton, D.H. (2017). Benzene formation in electronic cigarettes. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173055"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x","article-title":"Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping?","volume":"23","author":"Schripp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, M., Villarreal, A., Bozhilov, K., Lin, S., and Talbot, P. (2013). Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057987"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027010","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2175","article-title":"Metal concentrations in e-cigarette liquid and aerosol samples: The contribution of metallic coils","volume":"126","author":"Olmedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2016.1257853","article-title":"Transport phenomena governing nicotine emissions from electronic cigarettes: Model formulation and experimental investigation","volume":"51","author":"Talih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu174","article-title":"Effects of user puff topography, device voltage, and liquid nicotine concentration on electronic cigarette nicotine yield: Measurements and model predictions","volume":"17","author":"Talih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.013","article-title":"The effect of flavor content in e-liquids on e-cigarette emissions of carbonyl compounds","volume":"166","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.03.027","article-title":"Effects of design parameters and puff topography on heating coil temperature and mainstream aerosols in electronic cigarettes","volume":"134","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01521","article-title":"E-Cigarette Airflow Rate Modulates Toxicant Profiles and Can Lead to Concerning Levels of Solvent Consumption","volume":"3","author":"Korzun","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6105.1000229","article-title":"Real-Time Characterization of E-Cigarettes Use: The 1 Million Puffs Study","volume":"6","author":"Dautzenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Addict. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00063","article-title":"Evaluation of e-vapor nicotine and nicotyrine concentrations emitted under various e-liquid compositions, device settings and vaping topographies","volume":"31","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casebolt, R., Cook, S.J., Islas, A., Brown, A., Castle, K., and Dutcher, D.D. (2019). Carbon monoxide concentration in mainstream E-cigarette emissions measured with diode laser spectroscopy. Tob. Control, 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-055078"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00324","article-title":"Carbon monoxide and small hydrocarbon emissions from sub-ohm electronic cigarettes","volume":"32","author":"Talih","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.05.002","article-title":"Measurement of cardiovascular and pulmonary function endpoints and other physiological effects following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes in adult smokers","volume":"87","author":"Graff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0058","article-title":"Effects of switching to electronic cigarettes with and without concurrent smoking on exposure to nicotine, carbon monoxide, and acrolein","volume":"8","author":"McRobbie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.12.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the safety profile of an electronic vapour product used for two years by smokers in a real-life setting","volume":"92","author":"Walele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2012.12.079","article-title":"Catalytic valorization of glycerol to hydrogen and syngas","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/kin.20828","article-title":"Thermal Stability of Larger Carbonyl Compounds: 2-Methylbutyraldehyde","volume":"46","author":"Tsang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"110","article-title":"On the popularity of the USB flash drive-shaped electronic cigarette Juul","volume":"28","author":"Kavuluru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Herzog, B., and Kanada, P. (2018). Nielsen: Tobacco All Channel Data Thru 8\/11-Cig Vol Decelerates, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054565","article-title":"High exposure to nicotine among adolescents who use Juul and other vape pod systems (\u2018pods\u2019)","volume":"28","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-052175","article-title":"Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids","volume":"25","author":"Tierney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2015.1100064","article-title":"Has the mist been peered through? Revisiting the building blocks of human health risk assessment for electronic cigarette use","volume":"22","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, R., Hensel, E., Morabito, P., and Roundtree, K. (2015). Electronic cigarette topography in the natural environment. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129296"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu186","article-title":"Preliminary results of an examination of electronic cigarette user puff topography: The effect of a mouthpiece-based topography measurement device on plasma nicotine and subjective effects","volume":"17","author":"Spindle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"CORESTA (2015). Routine Analytical Machine for E-Cigarette Aerosol Generation and Collection-Definitions and Standard Conditions, Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"43","article-title":"Structural study of nicotine salts","volume":"12","author":"Perfetti","year":"1983","journal-title":"Beitr. Table Contrib. Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, R.J., Eddingsaas, N.C., DiFrancesco, A.G., Jayasekera, S., and Hensel, E.C. (2018). A framework to investigate the impact of topography and product characteristics on electronic cigarette emissions. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206341"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts103","article-title":"Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes","volume":"15","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu334","article-title":"On-line chemical composition analysis of refillable electronic cigarette aerosol\u2014Measurement of nicotine and nicotyrine","volume":"17","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.10.010","article-title":"Comparison of select analytes in aerosol from e-cigarettes with smoke from conventional cigarettes and with ambient air","volume":"70","author":"Tayyarah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.32.549","article-title":"Determination of Chemical compounds generated from Second-generation E-cigarettes using a Sorbent Cartridge followed by a Two-step Elution Method","volume":"32","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu176","article-title":"Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins","volume":"17","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmw157","article-title":"Method for the Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in E-Cigarette Aerosols","volume":"55","author":"Flora","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370304461","article-title":"Evaluation of relationships between mainstream smoke acetaldehyde and \u201ctar\u201d and carbon monoxide yields in tobacco smoke and reducing sugars in tobacco blends of US commercial cigarettes","volume":"15","author":"Seeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(03)00090-1","article-title":"The pyrolysis of tobacco ingredients","volume":"71","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Chen, W., Liao, J., Matsuo, T., Ito, K., Fowles, J., Shusterman, D., Mendell, M., and Kumagai, K. (2017). A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169811"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.2.106","article-title":"Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers","volume":"92","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"IARC (2004). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 83: Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700275p","article-title":"A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions","volume":"21","author":"Moir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (2020, April 13). Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/iris."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx194","article-title":"E-cigarette Use Among US Adults: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study","volume":"20","author":"Rodu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4338-2","article-title":"Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: Blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects","volume":"233","author":"Dawkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20153","article-title":"Determination of toxic carbonyl compounds in cigarette smoke","volume":"21","author":"Fujioka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.7b00212","article-title":"\u201cJuice monsters\u201d: Sub-ohm vaping and toxic volatile aldehyde emissions","volume":"30","author":"Talih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2005.00580.x","article-title":"Occupational contact allergy to glyoxal","volume":"52","author":"Huttunen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"U.S. FDA (2018). Tobacco Product Standard for Nicotine Level of Combusted Cigarettes, Proposed Rule (21 CFR 1130)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2007). Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.11.005","article-title":"Initiation of traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among tobacco-na\u00efve US young adults","volume":"131","author":"Primack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e183535","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.3535","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 and young adults\u2019 use and perceptions of pod-based electronic cigarettes","volume":"1","author":"McKelvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (2011). Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final)."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"ATSDR (2020, April 13). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) List, Available online: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/mrls\/mrllist.asp."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (1999). Compendium Method TO-11A: Determination of Formaldehyde in Ambient Air Using Adsorbent Cartridge Followed by High. Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) [Active Sampling Methodology]."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"ISO (2018). Vapour Products-Routine Analytical Vaping Machine\u2014Definitions and Standard Conditions, International Organization for Standardization. ISO 20768:2018(en)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/8\/2767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:08:55Z","timestamp":1760364535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/8\/2767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17082767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17082767","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]}}}