{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:10:13Z","timestamp":1791465013362,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK102532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK102532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concerns have been raised about excessive or \u201caddictive\u201d phone use among adolescents, and the impact that addictive phone use (APU) can have on adolescent development and health. Most research on the physical health correlates of smartphone use has been limited to sleep health, whereas other outcomes, such as eating behaviors and obesity risk have not received as much attention. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the association between APU and emotion regulation difficulties, impulsivity, maladaptive eating behaviors, and adiposity in a sample of 111 adolescents. We found that APU is associated with greater emotion regulation difficulties, dysregulated eating, restrained eating, food addiction, and higher percent body fat. Further, we found that emotion regulation difficulties mediated the association between APU and dysregulated eating, restrained eating, and food addiction. Findings suggest that addictive phone use may confer increased risk for obesogenic eating behaviors and food addiction via challenges in regulating emotions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T04:15:13Z","timestamp":1587528913000},"page":"2861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Adolescents\u2019 Addictive Phone Use: Associations with Eating Behaviors and Adiposity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Domoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Q.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Yokum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Gearhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rideout, V., and Robb, M. (2019). The Common Sense Census: Media Use By Tweens and Teens. Common Sense Media, 1\u2013104.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32001-4_38-1"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rideout, V., and Robb, M.B. (2018). Social Media, Social Life: Teens Reveal Their Experiences, Common Sense Media."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Common Sense Media (2020, January 10). Common Sense and SurveyMonkey Poll Parents on YouTube and Technology Addiction. Available online: https:\/\/www.surveymonkey.com\/newsroom\/common-sense-and-surveymonkey-poll-parents-on-youtube-and-technology-addiction\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domoff, S.E., Foley, R.P., and Ferkel, R. (2019). Addictive Phone Use and Academic Performance in Adolescents. Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol.","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.171"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000163","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Problematic Media Use Measure: A Parent Report Measure of Screen Media \u201cAddiction\u201d in Children","volume":"8","author":"Domoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Pop. Media Cult."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"478","article-title":"The Social Media Disorder Scale","volume":"64","author":"Lemmens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., and Sussman, S. (2020). Does Smartphone Addiction Fall on a Continuum of Addictive Behaviors?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020422"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"49","article-title":"Predictors of Problematic Internet and Mobile Phone Usage in Adolescents","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aloma Rev. Psicol. ci\u00e8ncies l\u2019educaci\u00f3 i l\u2019esport"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1758K","article-title":"Screen Media Exposure and Obesity in Children and Adolescents","volume":"140","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.145","article-title":"Excessive Use of Mobile Devices and Children\u2019s Physical Health","volume":"1","author":"Domoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2341","article-title":"Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"170","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradbury, K.M., Turel, O., and Morrison, K.M. (2019). Electronic Device Use and Beverage Related Sugar and Caffeine Intake in US Adolescents. PLoS ONE.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223912"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.015","article-title":"United States Adolescents\u2019 Television, Computer, Videogame, Smartphone, and Tablet Use: Associations with Sugary Drinks, Sleep, Physical Activity, and Obesity","volume":"182","author":"Kenney","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2018.0312","article-title":"Associations of Cell Phone Use and Screen Viewing with Overweight in Children","volume":"15","author":"Wada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child. Obes."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0054-y","article-title":"Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research","volume":"2","author":"Billieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Reports"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"66","article-title":"Emotion Regulation Strategies as Predictors of Internet Addiction and Smartphone Addiction in Adolescents","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Educ. Sci. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.09.008","article-title":"Targeting Self-Regulation to Promote Health Behaviors in Children","volume":"101","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"43","article-title":"Emotion Dysregulation and Loneliness as Predictors of Food Addiction","volume":"4","author":"Eirini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Heal. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13190","article-title":"Annual Research Review: Adolescent Mental Health in the Digital Age: Facts, Fears, and Future Directions","volume":"61","author":"Odgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Hales, C.M., Carroll, M.D., Fryar, C.D., and Ogden, C.L. (2017). Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2015\u20132016, National center for Health Statistics. NCHS Data Brief; No 288."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, D (2019). NICHD Strategic Plan 2020, Government Printing Office."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz305","article-title":"Neural Response to Fast Food Commercials in Adolescents Predicts Intake","volume":"3","author":"Gearhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale","volume":"26","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000531","article-title":"A Test of the Psychometric Characteristics of the BIS-Brief among Three Groups of Youth","volume":"30","author":"Mathias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198602)5:2<295::AID-EAT2260050209>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for Assessment of Restrained, Emotional, and External Eating Behavior","volume":"5","author":"Frijters","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2648","article-title":"Preliminary Validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0: A Dimensional Approach to Scoring","volume":"26","author":"Schiestl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000136","article-title":"Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0","volume":"30","author":"Gearhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017, August 08). BMI Percentile Calculator for Child and Teen, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyweight\/bmi\/calculator.html."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Little, T.D. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, Second Edition: A Regression-Based Approach, The Guilford Preess. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2018.1418252","article-title":"An Open Trial Targeting Emotional Eating among Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"26","author":"Boutelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0139","article-title":"Epidemiology of Internet Behaviors and Addiction among Adolescents in Six Asian Countries","volume":"17","author":"Mak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.28","article-title":"Distinct Patterns of Internet and Smartphone-Related Problems among Adolescents by Gender: Latent Class Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.32","article-title":"Problematic Smartphone Use Associated with Greater Alcohol Consumption, Mental Health Issues, Poorer Academic Performance, and Impulsivity","volume":"8","author":"Grant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/8\/2861\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:45:07Z","timestamp":1760363107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/8\/2861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17082861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17082861","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]}}}