{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:45:40Z","timestamp":1790628340816,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study intends to summarize the causes, clinical examination, and treatments of scapular dyskinesis (SD) and to briefly investigate whether alteration can be managed by a precision rehabilitation protocol planned on the basis of features derived from clinical tests. Methods: We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL and EMBASE databases using various combinations of the keywords \u201cRotator cuff\u201d, \u201cScapula\u201d, \u201cScapular Dyskinesis\u201d, \u201cShoulder\u201d, \u201cBiomechanics\u201d and \u201cArthroscopy\u201d. Results: SD incidence is growing in patients with shoulder pathologies, even if it is not a specific injury or directly related to a particular injury. SD can be caused by multiple factors or can be the trigger of shoulder-degenerative pathologies. In both cases, SD results in a protracted scapula with the arm at rest or in motion. Conclusions: A clinical evaluation of altered shoulder kinematics is still complicated. Limitations in observing scapular motion are mainly related to the anatomical position and function of the scapula itself and the absence of a tool for quantitative SD clinical assessment. High-quality clinical trials are needed to establish whether there is a possible correlation between SD patterns and the specific findings of shoulder pathologies with altered scapular kinematics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T11:42:14Z","timestamp":1587728534000},"page":"2974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Scapular Dyskinesis: From Basic Science to Ultimate Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longo Umile","family":"Giuseppe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risi Ambrogioni","family":"Laura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Berton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Candela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Massaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Stelitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Measurement and Biomedical Instrumentation, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Nazarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6617-9697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"DeAngelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Denaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Trigoria 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.09.001","article-title":"Recent advances in kinematics of the shoulder complex in healthy people","volume":"61","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.09.002","article-title":"Kinematic patterns in normal and degenerative shoulders. Part II: Review of 3-D scapular kinematic patterns in patients with shoulder pain, and clinical implications","volume":"61","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.10.016","article-title":"Shoulder function: The perfect compromise between mobility and stability","volume":"40","author":"Veeger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3736-z","article-title":"The role of the scapula in preventing and treating shoulder instability","volume":"24","author":"Kibler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2014.10.017","article-title":"Comprehensive classification test of scapular dyskinesis: A reliability study","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.01.022","article-title":"Infraspinatus strength assessment before and after scapular muscles rehabilitation in professional volleyball players with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"19","author":"Merolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.12.022","article-title":"Specific kinematics and associated muscle activation in individuals with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092425","article-title":"Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: The 2013 consensus statement from the \u2018Scapular Summit\u2019","volume":"47","author":"Kibler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.06.010","article-title":"Remplissage, humeral osteochondral grafts, weber osteotomy, and shoulder arthroplasty for the management of humeral bone defects in shoulder instability: Systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Longo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-170790","article-title":"Review of scapular movement disorders among office workers having ergonomic risk","volume":"31","author":"Depreli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, U.G., Petrillo, S., Candela, V., Rizzello, G., Loppini, M., Maffulli, N., and Denaro, V. (2020). Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with and without subacromial decompression is safe and effective: A clinical study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-3032-z"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.11.011","article-title":"The Influence of Test Positions on Clinical Assessment for Scapular Dyskinesis","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0109","article-title":"Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: A science-based approach","volume":"19","author":"Cools","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199212000-00024","article-title":"Scapulothoracic motion in normal shoulders and shoulders with glenohumeral instability and impingement syndrome. A study using Moir\u00e9 topographic analysis","volume":"285","author":"Warner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(97)90084-7","article-title":"Shoulder kinematics with two-plane x-ray evaluation in patients with anterior instability or rotator cuff tearing","volume":"6","author":"Paletta","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70300-8","article-title":"Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes. The \u201cdead arm\u201d revisited","volume":"19","author":"Burkhart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-20-06-364","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder injury","volume":"20","author":"Kibler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000328877","article-title":"The scapula in rotator cuff disease","volume":"57","author":"Kibler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnevale, A., Longo, U.G., Schena, E., Massaroni, C., Lo Presti, D., Berton, A., Candela, V., and Denaro, V. (2019). Wearable systems for shoulder kinematics assessment: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2930-4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, U.G., Petrillo, S., Loppini, M., Candela, V., Rizzello, G., Maffulli, N., and Denaro, V. (2019). Metallic versus biodegradable suture anchors for rotator cuff repair: A case control study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2834-3"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.07.013","article-title":"Alterations of scapular kinematics and associated muscle activation specific to symptomatic dyskinesis type after conscious control","volume":"26","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.06.007","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical assessment methods for scapular dyskinesis","volume":"25","author":"Uhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2325967117750814","article-title":"Scapular Dyskinesis in Young, Asymptomatic Elite Swimmers","volume":"6","author":"Fratalocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097559","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis increases the risk of future shoulder pain by 43% in asymptomatic athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Hickey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7268","article-title":"Observational Scapular Dyskinesis: Known-Groups Validity in Patients With and Without Shoulder Pain","volume":"47","author":"Plummer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"75","article-title":"Does scapular positioning predict shoulder pain in recreational overhead athletes?","volume":"35","author":"Struyf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.08.015","article-title":"Shoulder injury in water polo: A systematic review of incidence and intrinsic risk factors","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20170216-01","article-title":"Care of Shoulder Pain in the Overhead Athlete","volume":"46","author":"Chorley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967115627608","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115627608","article-title":"Prevalence of Scapular Dyskinesis in Overhead and Nonoverhead Athletes: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Burn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersson, S.H., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., and Myklebust, G. Risk factors for overuse shoulder injuries in a mixed-sex cohort of 329 elite handball players: Previous findings could not be confirmed. Br. J. Sports Med., 2017.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097648"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220162405142225","article-title":"Association Between Scapular Dyskinesia and Shoulder Pain in Young Adults","volume":"24","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2016.40.2.318","article-title":"Changes in Activation of Serratus Anterior, Trapezius and Latissimus Dorsi With Slouched Posture","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.08.011","article-title":"Effectiveness of global postural reeducation compared to segmental exercises on function, pain, and quality of life of patients with scapular dyskinesis associated with neck pain: A preliminary clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Amorim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.10.008","article-title":"Are chronic neck pain, scapular dyskinesis and altered scapulothoracic muscle activity interrelated?: A case-control study with surface and fine-wire EMG","volume":"31","author":"Castelein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-016-2610-x","article-title":"The burden of rotator cuff surgery in Italy: A nationwide registry study","volume":"137","author":"Longo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.06.011","article-title":"The Constant score and the assessment of scapula dyskinesis: Proposal and assessment of an integrated outcome measure","volume":"29","author":"Cutti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvatore, G., Longo, U.G., Candela, V., Berton, A., Migliorini, F., Petrillo, S., Ambrogioni, L.R., and Denaro, V. (2019). Epidemiology of rotator cuff surgery in Italy: Regional variation in access to health care. Results from a 14-year nationwide registry. Musculoskelet. Surg.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-019-00625-y"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000328868","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetics and biological factors of rotator cuff tears","volume":"57","author":"Longo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franceschi, F., Longo, U.G., Ruzzini, L., Rizzello, G., Maffulli, N., and Denaro, V. (2007). The Roman Bridge: A \u201cdouble pulley\u2014Suture bridges\u201d technique for rotator cuff repair. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-8-123"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"35","article-title":"Scapular involvement in impingement: Signs and symptoms","volume":"55","author":"Kibler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Instr. Course. Lect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.05.008","article-title":"Medial scapular muscle detachment: Clinical presentation and surgical treatment","volume":"23","author":"Kibler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldy025","article-title":"The effectiveness of conservative and surgical treatment for shoulder stiffness: A systematic review of current literature","volume":"127","author":"Longo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3731-4","article-title":"Prospective multifactorial analysis of preseason risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers","volume":"25","author":"Shitara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096927","article-title":"Handball load and shoulder injury rate: A 31-week cohort study of 679 elite youth handball players","volume":"51","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.04.010","article-title":"Association between kyphosis and subacromial impingement syndrome: LOHAS study","volume":"23","author":"Otoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-007-0016-1","article-title":"Subacromial space in adult patients with thoracic hyperkyphosis and in healthy volunteers","volume":"91","author":"Gumina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chir. Organi. Mov."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"133","article-title":"Long Thoracic Nerve Injury Caused by Overhead Weight Lifting Leading to Scapular Dyskinesis and Medial Scapular Winging","volume":"117","author":"Berthold","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"224","article-title":"Shoulder pain and dysfunction secondary to neural injury","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J. Sports Phys. Ther"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.02.037","article-title":"Scapular kinematic alterations during arm elevation with decrease in pectoralis minor stiffness after stretching in healthy individuals","volume":"27","author":"Umehara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516664720","article-title":"Surgical Release of the Pectoralis Minor Tendon for Scapular Dyskinesia and Shoulder Pain","volume":"45","author":"Provencher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2015.08.002","article-title":"Influence of pectoralis minor and upper trapezius lengths on observable scapular dyskinesis","volume":"19","author":"Kalkan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.1100","article-title":"Strength and muscle activity of shoulder external rotation of subjects with and without scapular dyskinesis","volume":"28","author":"Uga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.02.017","article-title":"Analysis of the kinetic chain in asymptomatic individuals with and without scapular dyskinesis","volume":"54","author":"Pires","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"309","article-title":"A Comparison Of Change in 3d Scapular Kinematics with Maximal Contractions and Force Production with Scapular Muscle Tests Between Asymptomatic Overhead Athletes with and Without Scapular Dyskinesis","volume":"10","author":"Seitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2016-0056","article-title":"The Effect of Shoulder Muscle Fatigue on Acromiohumeral Distance and Scapular Dyskinesis in Women with Generalized Joint Hypermobility","volume":"33","author":"Alibazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1440513","article-title":"Evolution of muscular fatigue in periscapular and rotator cuff muscles during isokinetic shoulder rotations","volume":"36","author":"Gaudet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"305","article-title":"Strength Profiles In Healthy Individuals with and without Scapular Dyskinesis","volume":"12","author":"Hannah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.08.007","article-title":"Scapular orientation following repetitive prone rowing: Implications for potential subacromial impingement mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Noguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2003.11440616","article-title":"Detecting and treating shoulder impingement syndrome: The role of scapulothoracic dyskinesis","volume":"31","author":"Depalma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000021","article-title":"Anterior instability in the throwing shoulder","volume":"22","author":"Savoie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"537","article-title":"Common conditions in the overhead athlete","volume":"89","author":"Edmonds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-1959-9","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and SICK scapula syndrome following surgical treatment of type III acute acromioclavicular dislocations","volume":"21","author":"Murena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2008.08.019","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and SICK scapula syndrome in patients with chronic type III acromioclavicular dislocation","volume":"25","author":"Gumina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.03.013","article-title":"Effects of short malunion of the clavicle on in vivo scapular kinematics","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-017-0452-0","article-title":"Management of chronic unstable acromioclavicular joint injuries","volume":"18","author":"Cisneros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.10.007","article-title":"Acute high-grade acromioclavicular joint injuries treatment: Arthroscopic non-rigid coracoclavicular fixation provides better quality of life outcomes than hook plate ORIF","volume":"102","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.12.019","article-title":"Three-dimensional scapular dyskinesis in hook-plated acromioclavicular dislocation including hook motion","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-017-2791-6","article-title":"Scapulothoracic pathology: Review of anatomy, pathophysiology, imaging findings, and an approach to management","volume":"47","author":"Osias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skeletal. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-011-1805-5","article-title":"Subacromial impingement syndrome secondary to scapulothoracic dyskinesia","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"447","article-title":"Typical and atypical shoulder impingement syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and pitfalls","volume":"58","author":"Buss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Instr. Course. Lect."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001711010861","article-title":"Multidirectional Instability: Natural History and Evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Navlet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Orthop. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.029","article-title":"Visual scapular dyskinesis: Kinematics and muscle activity alterations in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Lopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.112954","article-title":"Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo","volume":"10","author":"McClure","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.05.047","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis following displaced fractures of the middle clavicle","volume":"24","author":"Shields","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, U.G., Facchinetti, G., Marchetti, A., Candela, V., Risi Ambrogioni, L., Faldetta, A., De Marinis, M.G., and Denaro, V. (2019). Sleep Disturbance and Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas), 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080453"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"151","article-title":"In Vivo Analysis of Three-Dimensional Dynamic Scapular Dyskinesis in Scapular or Clavicular Fractures","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Med. Okayama"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.05.011","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes, motion, strength, and function after total claviculectomy","volume":"23","author":"Rubright","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.08.001","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis after Latarjet procedure","volume":"25","author":"Carbone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.10.021","article-title":"Three-dimensional shoulder kinematics normalize after rotator cuff repair","volume":"25","author":"Kolk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, U.G., Rizzello, G., Petrillo, S., Loppini, M., Maffulli, N., and Denaro, V. (2019). Conservative Rehabilitation Provides Superior Clinical Results Compared to Early Aggressive Rehabilitation for Rotator Cuff Repair: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Medicina (Kaunas), 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080402"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514528096","article-title":"Return to play after treatment of superior labral tears in professional baseball players","volume":"42","author":"Fedoriw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281804","article-title":"Glenohumeral range of motion deficits and posterior shoulder tightness in throwers with pathologic internal impingement","volume":"34","author":"Myers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.070458","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of superior labrum anterior posterior lesions in overhead athletes","volume":"44","author":"Abrams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.12.015","article-title":"Distal radius fractures result in alterations in scapular kinematics: A three-dimensional motion analysis","volume":"30","author":"Ayhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-140458","article-title":"Activation of the serratus anterior and upper trapezius in a population with winged and tipped scapulae during push-up-plus and diagonal shoulder-elevation","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, U.G., Candela, V., Berton, A., Salvatore, G., Guarnieri, A., DeAngelis, J., Nazarian, A., and Denaro, V. (2019). Genetic basis of rotator cuff injury: A systematic review. BMC Med. Genet., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-019-0883-y"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.04.009","article-title":"Do stingers affect scapular kinematics in rugby players?","volume":"23","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.11.032","article-title":"Does scapular dyskinesis affect top rugby players during a game season?","volume":"21","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.8.470","article-title":"Relationship between performance of selected scapular muscles and scapular abduction in standing subjects","volume":"70","author":"DiVeta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2001.31.2.81","article-title":"New method to assess scapular upward rotation in subjects with shoulder pathology","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/81.2.799","article-title":"Measurement of scapular asymetry and assessment of shoulder dysfunction using the Lateral Scapular Slide Test: A reliability and validity study","volume":"81","author":"Odom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1997.25.1.34","article-title":"Investigation of the validity and reliability of four objective techniques for measuring forward shoulder posture","volume":"25","author":"Peterson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013243","article-title":"Measurement of scapula upward rotation: A reliable clinical procedure","volume":"39","author":"Watson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.08.004","article-title":"Measurement of scapular medial border and inferior angle prominence using a novel scapulometer: A reliability and validity study","volume":"32","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, S., McCaffrey, N., Whyte, E., and Moran, K. (2016). The Development and Reliability of a Simple Field-Based Screening Tool to Assess for Scapular Dyskinesis. J. Sport Rehabil., 25.","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0054"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-014-1186-2","article-title":"Reliability and precision of 3D wireless measurement of scapular kinematics","volume":"52","author":"Wiertsema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050872","article-title":"The reliability measurements of lateral scapular slide test at three different degrees of shoulder joint abduction","volume":"44","author":"Shadmehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2015.04.012","article-title":"Interrater reliability of the modified scapular assistance test with and without handheld weights","volume":"20","author":"Kopkow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"39","article-title":"A novel technique for determining scapulohumeral translation: A case-control and inter-rater reliability study","volume":"7","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01483","article-title":"Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation","volume":"91","author":"Ludewig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2014.899414","article-title":"Measurement properties of existing clinical assessment methods evaluating scapular positioning and function. A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2216-0","article-title":"Reliability of scapular classification in examination of professional baseball players","volume":"470","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"306","article-title":"Reliability of the sitting hand press-up test for identifying and quantifying the level of scapular medial border posterior displacement in overhead athletes","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1590\/bjpt-rbf.2014.0025","article-title":"Can clinical observation differentiate individuals with and without scapular dyskinesis?","volume":"18","author":"Miachiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.12.032","article-title":"A preliminary exploration of plain-film radiography in scapular dyskinesis evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06779-8","article-title":"Movement Pattern of Scapular Dyskinesis in Symptomatic Overhead Athletes","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.11.062","article-title":"Bennett lesions in baseball players detected by magnetic resonance imaging: Assessment of association factors","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.09.020","article-title":"Four-dimensional computed tomography scans facilitate preoperative planning in snapping scapula syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Bell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2528-y","article-title":"MRI for the diagnosis of scapular dyskinesis: A report of two cases","volume":"46","author":"Morita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skeletal. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.10.046","article-title":"How to assess scapular dyskinesis precisely: 3-dimensional wing computer tomography\u2014A new diagnostic modality","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, D.M., Pedroni, C.R., Martins, J., and de Oliveira, A.S. (2017). Intrarater and interrater reliability of three classifications for scapular dyskinesis in athletes. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181518"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091573","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of scapular physical examination tests for shoulder disorders: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.04.002","article-title":"The scapular dyskinesis test: Reliability, agreement, and predictive value in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Christiansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.03.004","article-title":"Adaptation of muscle activity in scapular dyskinesis test for collegiate baseball players","volume":"25","author":"Tsuruike","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, U.G., Margiotti, K., Petrillo, S., Rizzello, G., Fusilli, C., Maffulli, N., De Luca, A., and Denaro, V. (2018). Genetics of rotator cuff tears: No association of col5a1 gene in a case-control study. BMC Med. Genet., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-018-0727-1"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.2661","article-title":"Effect of the dual-wall pushup plus exercise in patients with scapular dyskinesis with a winged or tipped scapula","volume":"27","author":"Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2015.07.002","article-title":"Reliability of levator scapulae index in subjects with and without scapular downward rotation syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6042.145249","article-title":"Assessment of function in patients with rotator cuff tears: Functional test versus self-reported questionnaire","volume":"8","author":"Basar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Shoulder Surg."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-010-0095-x","article-title":"Infraspinatus scapular retraction test: A reliable and practical method to assess infraspinatus strength in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"11","author":"Merolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2010.528548","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis in trapezius myalgia and intraexaminer reproducibility of clinical tests","volume":"27","author":"Hilt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.05.036","article-title":"Measurement of scapular dyskinesis using wireless inertial and magnetic sensors: Importance of scapula calibration","volume":"48","author":"Wiertsema","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.4705","article-title":"Reliability and minimal detectable change of 3-dimensional scapular orientation in individuals with and without shoulder impingement","volume":"44","author":"Haik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.07.032","article-title":"A comparison of two non-invasive methods for measuring scapular orientation in functional positions","volume":"61","author":"Rapp","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2016.11.011","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis among competitive swimmers","volume":"21","author":"Maor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.7.05","article-title":"Scapular Upward-Rotation Deficits After Acute Fatigue in Tennis Players","volume":"51","author":"Rich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2014.885073","article-title":"Scapulothoracic kinematics during tennis forehand drive","volume":"13","author":"Rogowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.046284","article-title":"Clinical and ultrasonographic correlation between scapular dyskinesia and subacromial space measurement among junior elite tennis players","volume":"44","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00313","article-title":"Swimmer\u2019s Shoulder: Painful Shoulder in the Competitive Swimmer","volume":"24","author":"Matzkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.01.008","article-title":"Effects of scapular dyskinesis and scapular assistance test on subacromial space during static arm elevation","volume":"21","author":"Seitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200303000-00008","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain","volume":"11","author":"Kibler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260022801","article-title":"The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function","volume":"26","author":"Kibler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.12.074","article-title":"Shoulder horizontal abduction stretching effectively increases shear elastic modulus of pectoralis minor muscle","volume":"26","author":"Umehara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2015.10.003","article-title":"The pectoralis minor muscle and shoulder movement-related impairments and pain: Rationale, assessment and management","volume":"17","author":"Morais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2011-0291","article-title":"The effectiveness of scapular stabilization exercise in the patients with subacromial impingement syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Gelecek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.05.023","article-title":"Effects of Scapular Stabilization Exercise Training on Scapular Kinematics, Disability, and Pain in Subacromial Impingement: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Turgut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000292","article-title":"Shoulder muscle activation levels during four closed kinetic chain exercises with and without Redcord slings","volume":"28","author":"Danneels","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.05.009","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles during push-ups on stable and unstable bases in subjects with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"24","author":"Pitangui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.11.011","article-title":"Modifying a shrug exercise can facilitate the upward rotator muscles of the scapula","volume":"29","author":"Pizzari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2015.11.016","article-title":"Various shrug exercises can change scapular kinematics and scapular rotator muscle activities in subjects with scapular downward rotation syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"425","article-title":"The Effect Of Electrical Stimulation Versus Sham Cueing on Scapular Position During Exercise in Patients with Scapular Dyskinesis","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-2844-5","article-title":"Scapular dyskinesis and SICK syndrome in patients with a chronic type III acromioclavicular dislocation. Results of rehabilitation","volume":"23","author":"Carbone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"107","article-title":"Is conservative treatment still defensible in grade III acromioclavicular dislocation? Are there predictive factors of poor outcome?","volume":"81","author":"Rasmont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Belg."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.10.012","article-title":"Effects of trapezius kinesio taping on scapular kinematics and associated muscular activation in subjects with scapular dyskinesis","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2015.11.014","article-title":"Effects of scapular taping in young adults with shoulder pain and scapular dyskinesis","volume":"20","author":"Intelangelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-017-0430-2","article-title":"Diagnostics and treatment of posterior shoulder instability","volume":"121","author":"Wellmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"542","article-title":"Conservative treatment preferences and the plausible mechanism of Neer\u2019s stage 1 of shoulder impingement in younger people","volume":"65","author":"Keramat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2017.03.008","article-title":"Comparison of virtual reality exergaming and home exercise programs in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome and scapular dyskinesis: Short term effect","volume":"51","author":"Pekyavas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Traumatol. Turc."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken011","article-title":"Conservative management for tendinopathy: Is there enough scientific evidence?","volume":"47","author":"Maffulli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.07.002","article-title":"Subacromial anaesthetics increase asymmetry of scapular kinematics in patients with subacromial pain syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Kolk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"84","article-title":"Does scapula stabilizing t-shirt help over-head athletes in shoulder discomfort? A randomized control study","volume":"87","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.1.44","article-title":"Internal rotation and scapular position differences: A comparison of collegiate and high school baseball players","volume":"45","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181a64607","article-title":"Current concepts for shoulder training in the overhead athlete","volume":"8","author":"Kennedy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515594379","article-title":"Configuration of the Shoulder Complex During the Arm-Cocking Phase in Baseball Pitching","volume":"43","author":"Konda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510370291","article-title":"The relationship between forward scapular posture and posterior shoulder tightness among baseball players","volume":"38","author":"Laudner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181f205fa","article-title":"The practical management of swimmer\u2019s painful shoulder: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Bak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v7.i12.776","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of internal impingement of the shoulder in overhead athletes","volume":"7","author":"Corpus","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-016-0416-1","article-title":"Can posterior capsular stretching rehabilitation protocol change scapula kinematics in asymptomatic baseball pitchers?","volume":"100","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2015.02.003","article-title":"Shoulder function and scapular position in boxers","volume":"16","author":"Lenetsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-010-0082-7","article-title":"Supraspinatus and infraspinatus weakness in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis: Strength assessment before and after restoration of scapular musculature balance","volume":"94","author":"Merolla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2018.1442538","article-title":"An 8-week scapular stabilization exercise program in an elite archer with scapular dyskinesis presenting joint noise: A case report with one-year follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903536434","article-title":"Activation and tremor of the shoulder muscles to the demands of an archery task","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096226","article-title":"Preventing overuse shoulder injuries among throwing athletes: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in 660 elite handball players","volume":"51","author":"Andersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093702","article-title":"Reduced glenohumeral rotation, external rotation weakness and scapular dyskinesis are risk factors for shoulder injuries among elite male handball players: A prospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Clarsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.3.230","article-title":"Glenohumeral rotation and scapular position adaptations after a single high school female sports season","volume":"44","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.2.149","article-title":"Risk factors associated with shoulder pain and disability across the lifespan of competitive swimmers","volume":"47","author":"Tate","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182041de0","article-title":"Training induces scapular dyskinesis in pain-free competitive swimmers: A reliability and observational study","volume":"21","author":"Madsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.036830","article-title":"Internal impingement in the tennis player: rehabilitation guidelines","volume":"42","author":"Cools","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.04.042","article-title":"Correlation of psychomotor findings and the outcome of a physical therapy program to treat scapular dyskinesis","volume":"20","author":"Werner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e32835d0b87","article-title":"Adaptive changes in the dominant shoulders of female professional overhead athletes: Mutual association and relation to shoulder injury","volume":"36","author":"Tonin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldx003","article-title":"Surgical versus conservative management of Type III acromioclavicular dislocation: A systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Longo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0000000000000142","article-title":"Arthroscopic-assisted Acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular Ligaments Reconstruction for Chronic Acromioclavicular Dislocations: Surgical Technique","volume":"20","author":"Boutsiadis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tech. Hand Up Extrem. Surg."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"181","article-title":"All Things Clavicle: From Acromioclavicular to Sternoclavicular and All Points in Between","volume":"65","author":"Groh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Instr. Course. Lect."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512458571","article-title":"The function of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments in shoulder motion: A whole-cadaver study","volume":"40","author":"Oki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/8\/2974\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:23:42Z","timestamp":1760361822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/8\/2974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17082974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17082974","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]}}}