{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T19:36:40Z","timestamp":1775677000000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]],"date-time":"2020-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the methodology, design and procedures used in the HEADS UP Project, an observational study to examine the feasibility of a state-funded weight loss program. HEADS UP offered two weight loss approaches: bariatric surgery or a non-surgical intervention composed of medical management, a low-calorie liquid diet and lifestyle change promotion. Participants were recruited through a multi-stage screening process, in-person interviews, and an initial low-calorie diet program. Eligible participants were entered into a lottery system, with 100 participants selected for the surgical group and 200 selected for the non-surgical group annually for five years. Anthropometric, clinical, and psychosocial assessments were completed at baseline and follow-ups. More than 6800 individuals completed the initial web screening. Screening procedures yielded 1412 participants (490 surgical and 922 non-surgical). Approximately 84% of the total participant population were female and 38% were Black. Participants had an average body mass index of 47.9 and 43 kg\/m2 in the surgical and non-surgical groups, respectively. Recruitment and enrollment results of the HEADS UP study demonstrated significant interest in both the surgical and non-surgical treatment programs for obesity. These results support the feasibility of providing a state-funded weight loss program within a healthcare setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17092999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T05:05:32Z","timestamp":1588050332000},"page":"2999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["HEADS UP: Design and Methods of a Louisiana State-Funded Surgical and Non-Surgical Weight Loss Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Phillip J.","family":"Brantley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Win","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dachuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6172-8017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6458","article-title":"Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014","volume":"315","author":"Flegal","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017, July 05). National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. Data, Trend and Maps, Available online: URL:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nccdphp\/dnpao\/data-trends-maps\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2013.01.023","article-title":"Baseline characteristics of participants in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-2 (LABS-2) study","volume":"9","author":"Belle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.10706","article-title":"Long-term Follow-up After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review","volume":"312","author":"Puzziferri","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600869","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes\u20145-Year Outcomes","volume":"376","author":"Schauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.3.316","article-title":"Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"299","author":"Dixon","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200111","article-title":"Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes","volume":"366","author":"Mingrone","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.5835","article-title":"Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: The Diabetes Surgery Study randomized clinical trial","volume":"309","author":"Ikramuddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.04.005","article-title":"Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401329","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes\u20143-Year Outcomes","volume":"370","author":"Schauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1001\/2012.jama.11164","article-title":"Health benefits of gastric bypass surgery after 6 years","volume":"308","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3182a5034b","article-title":"Can diabetes be surgically cured? Long-term metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"258","author":"Brethauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-1121-x","article-title":"Early impact of bariatric surgery on type II diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression on 6,587 patients","volume":"24","author":"Ricci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-015-1657-z","article-title":"Bariatric surgery worldwide 2013","volume":"25","author":"Angrisani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.3654","article-title":"The effectiveness and risks of bariatric surgery: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis, 2003\u20132012","volume":"149","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.508","article-title":"Nonsurgical weight loss for extreme obesity in primary care settings: Results of the Louisiana Obese Subjects Study","volume":"170","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-015-1595-9","article-title":"Inequity to the utilization of bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Bhogal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2014.467","article-title":"Surgical vs medical treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"149","author":"Courcoulas","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/2999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:09:24Z","timestamp":1760364564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/2999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17092999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17092999","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,26]]}}}