{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:13:02Z","timestamp":1770329582397,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Predicting developmental outcomes with growth measurement would be beneficial for primary healthcare or in developing countries with low medical resources. This study aimed to identify physical growth measures that indicate neurodevelopment in very preterm infants. Preterm infants, born at &lt;32 weeks\u2019 gestation or weighing &lt;1500 g, were included. We calculated the changes in z-score of weight, length, and head circumference (HC) at different time points: birth, postmenstrual age (PMA) 35 weeks, and 4 and 18 months corrected age (CA). We examined the relationship between growth and Bayley-III scores using linear regression. Among 122 infants, HC at 4 months CA and HC growth between PMA 35 weeks and 4 months CA showed a positive correlation with Bayley-III scores in appropriate-for-gestational-age infants (AGAs). Weight and length increases between birth and 18 months CA were also associated with AGAs\u2019 development. In small-for-gestational-age infants (SGAs), only birthweight\u2019s z-score was associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes. HC at 4 months CA was an important indicator of favorable neurodevelopmental outcomes, and head growth spurt between PMA 35 weeks and 4 months CA contributed to this benefit in preterm AGAs. The period and indices should be monitored differently for SGAs and AGAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T05:05:32Z","timestamp":1588050332000},"page":"3022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Differential Effect of Growth on Development between AGA and SGA Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3205-9942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Gyu","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospice Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 10408, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7063-168X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ee-Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children\u2019s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02857, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Han","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children\u2019s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin A.","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Suk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children\u2019s Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018, February 19). Preterm Birth 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/preterm-birth."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.8.1228","article-title":"Improvement in the survival rates of very low birth weight infants after the establishment of the Korean Neonatal Network: Comparison between the 2000s and 2010s","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00844.x","article-title":"Extrauterine growth restriction in very-low-birthweight infants","volume":"93","author":"Rigo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0129","article-title":"Weight growth velocity and postnatal growth failure in infants 501 to 1500 grams: 2000\u20132013","volume":"136","author":"Horbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182243aa7","article-title":"Body composition changes in preterm infants following hospital discharge: Comparison with term infants","volume":"53","author":"Ramel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01667.x","article-title":"First year growth among very low birth weight infants","volume":"99","author":"Westerberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0898","article-title":"Neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants","volume":"135","author":"Hintz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.09.005","article-title":"Advanced neuroimaging and its role in predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants","volume":"40","author":"Parikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2011.049","article-title":"Head circumference catch-up growth among preterm very low birth weight infants: Effect on neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"39","author":"Ghods","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12319","article-title":"Poor postnatal head growth in very preterm infants is associated with impaired neurodevelopment outcome","volume":"102","author":"Neubauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1187","article-title":"Antenatal and postnatal growth and 5-year cognitive outcome in very preterm infants","volume":"133","author":"Lapinleimu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12582","article-title":"Growth, head growth, and neurocognitive outcome in children born very preterm: Methodological aspects and selected results","volume":"57","author":"Ranke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins Obstetrics (2004). ACOG practice bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetricians-gynecologists. 2004, 55 (replaces practice pattern number 6, October 1997). Management of postterm pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 104, 639\u2013646.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200409000-00052"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"University of Calgary (2018, February 19). The Fenton Preterm Growth Chart site 2013. Available online: https:\/\/www.ucalgary.ca\/fenton\/2013chart."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00408","article-title":"ExtraUterine growth restriction (EUGR) in preterm Infants: Growth patterns, nutrition and epigenetic markers. A pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Tozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1352","article-title":"Intrauterine, early neonatal, and postdischarge growth and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5.4 years in extremely preterm infants after intensive neonatal nutritional support","volume":"123","author":"Franz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.04.009","article-title":"Postnatal growth of preterm born children \u2264 750 g at birth","volume":"87","author":"Claas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000038","article-title":"Postnatal growth and neuropsychological performance in preterm-birth preschoolers","volume":"28","author":"Raz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170216","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0216","article-title":"Head growth trajectory and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm neonates","volume":"140","author":"Raghuram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.1.5","article-title":"Developmental science and the media: Early brain development","volume":"56","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000336127","article-title":"The relationship of poor linear growth velocity with neonatal illness and two-year neurodevelopment in preterm infants","volume":"102","author":"Ramel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e899","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0282","article-title":"Infant growth before and after term: Effects on neurodevelopment in preterm infants","volume":"128","author":"Belfort","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.06.032","article-title":"Preterm infant linear growth and adiposity gain: Trade-offs for later weight status and intelligence quotient","volume":"163","author":"Belfort","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/3022\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:09:16Z","timestamp":1760364556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/3022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17093022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17093022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]}}}