{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:26:43Z","timestamp":1765369603653,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1137224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1137224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Characterizing child immunological responses to enteric infections with antibody detection in serum can be challenging in resource-constrained field settings, because sample collection requires trained individuals and its invasive procedure may lead to low response rates, especially among children. Saliva may present a promising non-invasive alternative. The objectives of this research were to compare salivary antibody levels in children to enteric infections and biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). We collected saliva samples from children aged one to six years enrolled in a sanitation trial in Maputo, Mozambique, and characterized salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentrations with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We used multilevel linear models to analyze cross-sectional associations between salivary SIgA and the number of concurrent enteric pathogen infections, as well as EED biomarkers in matched stool samples. Median salivary SIgA concentrations in this study population were 54 \u03bcg\/mL (inter-quartile range (IQR): 34, 85 \u03bcg\/mL), and SIgA levels were similar between children of different ages. SIgA was lower in children experiencing a higher number of concurrent infections \u22120.04 log \u03bcg\/mL (95% confidence interval (CI): \u22120.08 to \u22120.005 log \u03bcg\/mL), but was not associated with any of the included EED biomarkers. Contrary to evidence from high-income countries that suggests salivary SIgA increases rapidly with age in young children, the high prevalence of enteric infections may have led to a suppression of immunological development in this study sample and could in part explain the similar SIgA levels between children of different ages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T05:05:32Z","timestamp":1588050332000},"page":"3035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Child Salivary SIgA and Its Relationship to Enteric Infections and EED Biomarkers in Maputo, Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7585-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick G. B.","family":"Goddard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Knee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trent","family":"Sumner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rassul","family":"Nal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade-Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Maputo-Mozambique, C.P. 264, Mozambique"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4062-5788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Clasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: A multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"Babji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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