{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:07:48Z","timestamp":1785838068923,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transdiagnostic causal variables have been identified that have allowed understanding the origin and maintenance of psychopathologies in parsimonious explanatory models of antisocial disorders. However, it is necessary to systematize the information published in the last decade. The aim of the study was to identify through a systematic review, the structural, emotional and cognitive transdiagnostic variables in antisocial disorders of adolescence and youth. Recommendations for systematic reviews and meta-extraction and analysis of information according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), the Cochrane Collaboration and Campbell were followed. We found 19 articles from 110 reviewed documents. The results indicated that at a structural level there is a general psychopathological factor (psychopathy or externalizing), non-emotional callousness and impulsivity from behavioral inhibition and activation systems, and negative affect traits as base structures. In the emotional level, the study found a risk component from emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance. In the cognitive level, a key role of anger-rumination and violent ideation as explanatory variables of antisocial disorders. We concluded that the interaction of these identified variables makes it possible to generate an evidence-based transdiagnostic model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T05:05:32Z","timestamp":1588050332000},"page":"3036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antisocial Disorders in Adolescence and Youth, According to Structural, Emotional, and Cognitive Transdiagnostic Variables: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6061-3499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Toro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0123-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Health Research Center, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3003-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flor","family":"Zald\u00edvar-Basurto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Health Research Center, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Achenbach, T.M., and Edelbrock, C.S. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Profile, University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-V, APA. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.537","article-title":"Externalizing psychopathology in adulthood: A dimensional-spectrum conceptualization and its implications for DSM-V","volume":"114","author":"Krueger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"185","article-title":"Transdiagn\u00f3stico: Nueva frontera en psicolog\u00eda cl\u00ednica","volume":"17","author":"Chorot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Psicopatol. Psicol. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.23.1.6","article-title":"Conceptual foundations of the transdiagnostic approach to CBT","volume":"23","author":"Mansell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ehrenreich-May, J., and Chu, B.C. (2014). Transdiagnostic Treatments for Children and Adolescents: Principles and Practice, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900603","article-title":"The expanding Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy treatment umbrella for the anxiety disorders: Disorder-specific and transdiagnostic approaches","volume":"59","author":"Rector","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2016.05.005","article-title":"A conceptual model of the relationship between maltreatment and externalizing, antisocial, and criminal behavior problems, and the intervening role of child welfare service delivery","volume":"29","author":"Mishna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.01.001","article-title":"Psychopathology research in the RDoC era: Unanswered questions and the importance of the psychophysiological unit of analysis","volume":"98","author":"Shankman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.01.006","article-title":"A neurodevelopmental perspective on the research domain criteria (RDoC) framework","volume":"76","author":"Casey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"30438-X","article-title":"Application of Research Domain Criteria to childhood and adolescent impulsive and addictive disorders: Implications for treatment","volume":"S0272\u2013S7358","author":"Yip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.010","article-title":"Classification and treatment of antisocial individuals: From behavior to biocognition","volume":"91","author":"Brazil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.06.014","article-title":"Interpersonal problems across levels of the psychopathology hierarchy","volume":"79","author":"Girard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0120","article-title":"Behavioral interventions for anger, irritability, and aggression in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Sukhodolsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P., and Green, S. (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"49","article-title":"Standards on how to develop and report systematic reviews in Psychology and Health","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). The Second Decade: Improving Adolescent Health and Development, WHO. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/64320\/WHO_FRH_ADH_98.18_Rev.1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020909","article-title":"Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria","volume":"119","author":"Sanislow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gwet, K.L. (2001). Handbook of Inter-Rater Reliability, Stataxis Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.13.2.130","article-title":"A systematic and transparent approach for assessing the methodological quality of intervention effectiveness research: The Study Design and Implementation Assessment Device (Study DIAD)","volume":"13","author":"Valentine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002470","article-title":"The structure of adolescent psychopathology: A symptom-level analysis","volume":"46","author":"Carragher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000193","article-title":"The structure of psychopathology in adolescence and its common personality and cognitive correlates","volume":"125","author":"Banaschewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000163","article-title":"Stress responsivity and the structure of common mental disorders: Transdiagnostic internalizing and externalizing dimensions are associated with contrasting stress appraisal biases","volume":"125","author":"Conway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2017.01.006","article-title":"Trait affect, emotion regulation, and the generation of negative and positive interpersonal events","volume":"48","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.02.061","article-title":"Temperament factors and dimensional, latent bifactor models of child psychopathology: Transdiagnostic and specific associations in two youth samples","volume":"252","author":"Hankin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000075","article-title":"Codevelopment of psychopathic features and alcohol use during emerging adulthood: Disaggregating between- and within-person change","volume":"124","author":"Hawes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-013-9365-2","article-title":"Measuring momentary stress, affect, and cognition: Relationships with the internalizing and externalizing spectra","volume":"36","author":"South","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.05.008","article-title":"Normative irritability in youth: Developmental findings from the Great Smoky Mountains study","volume":"54","author":"Copeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.04.033","article-title":"Outcomes, moderators, and mediators of empathic-emotion recognition training for complex conduct problems in childhood","volume":"199","author":"Dadds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.05.004","article-title":"Impulsive responses to emotion as a transdiagnostic vulnerability to internalizing and externalizing symptoms","volume":"150","author":"Jonhson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.11.019","article-title":"Child behavior checklist emotional dysregulation profiles in youth with disruptive behavior disorders: Clinical correlates and treatment implications","volume":"225","author":"Masi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.003","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study","volume":"49","author":"Mclaughlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-015-9729-x","article-title":"Adolescent substance use & psychopathology: Interactive effects of cortisol reactivity and emotion regulation","volume":"40","author":"Poon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognit. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2017.03.001","article-title":"Reliance on experiential avoidance in the context of relational aggression: Links to internalizing and externalizing problems and dysphoric mood among urban, minority adolescent girls","volume":"6","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contextual Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.01.046","article-title":"Emotion processing in intermittent explosive disorder","volume":"273","author":"Fahlgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2015_29_218","article-title":"Optimizing prediction of psychosocial and clinical outcomes with a transdiagnostic model of personality disorder","volume":"30","author":"Conway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pers. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035358","article-title":"Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor underlying transitions between internalizing symptoms and aggressive behavior in early adolescents","volume":"123","author":"Mclaughlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.005","article-title":"Situating violent ideations within the landscape of mental health: Associations between violent ideations and dimensions of mental health","volume":"249","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.026","article-title":"Rumination and executive functions: Understanding cognitive vulnerability for psychopathology","volume":"256","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000113","article-title":"The hierarchical structure of common mental disorders: Connecting multiple levels of comorbidity, bifactor models, and predictive validity","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3283477b22","article-title":"The role of latent internalizing and externalizing predispositions in accounting for the development of comorbidity among common mental disorders","volume":"24","author":"Kessler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002227","article-title":"The construct validity of general and specific dimensions of personality pathology","volume":"48","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.017","article-title":"Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: The Great Smoky Mountains Study","volume":"53","author":"Copeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.03.003","article-title":"Intimate partner violence theoretical considerations: Moving towards a contextual framework","volume":"28","author":"Bell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2014.02.003","article-title":"Experiential avoidance and male dating violence perpetration: An initial investigation","volume":"3","author":"Shorey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Contextual Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445510362575","article-title":"Experiential avoidance and problem behavior: A mediational analysis","volume":"34","author":"Kingston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0305-6","article-title":"Parasympathetic regulation and inhibitory control predict the development of externalizing problems in early childhood","volume":"46","author":"Kahle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Abnorm Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418000135","article-title":"Externalizing behavior from early childhood to adolescence: Prediction from inhibition, language, parenting, and attachment","volume":"31","author":"Roskam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.012","article-title":"Anger in psychological disorders: Prevalence, presentation, etiology and prognostic implications","volume":"46","author":"Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.10.003","article-title":"Transdiagnostic cognitive processes in high trait anger","volume":"31","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.039","article-title":"Emotional self-control and dysregulation: A dual-process analysis of pathways to externalizing\/internalizing symptomatology and positive well-being in younger adolescents","volume":"163","author":"Wills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.03.008","article-title":"Aggression proneness: Transdiagnostic processes involving negative valence and cognitive systems","volume":"98","author":"Verona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12734","article-title":"Emotion regulation, coping, and decision making: Three linked skills for preventing externalizing problems in adolescence","volume":"88","author":"Modecki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1038827","article-title":"Future Directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology","volume":"44","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431617737627","article-title":"Threat appraisals and coping responses to stressors: Links to chinese children\u2019s behavioral problems and social competence","volume":"39","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Early Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000110","article-title":"Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review","volume":"143","author":"Compas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.03.022","article-title":"Shaping aggressive personality in adolescence: Exploring cross-lagged relations between aggressive thoughts, aggressive behaviour and self-control","volume":"97","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.079","article-title":"Self-reported violent ideation and its link to interpersonal violence among offenders with mental disorders and general psychiatric patients","volume":"261","author":"Persson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/3036\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:23:56Z","timestamp":1760361836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/3036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17093036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17093036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]}}}