{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:34:17Z","timestamp":1774859657257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD-835872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD-835872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD-836156-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD-836156-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50MD010428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50MD010428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neighborhood demographic polarization, or the extent to which a privileged population group outnumbers a deprived group, can affect health by influencing social dynamics. While using birth records from 2001 to 2013 in Massachusetts (n = 629,675), we estimated the effect of two demographic indices, racial residential polarization (RRP) and economic residential polarization (ERP), on birth weight outcomes, which are established predictors of the newborn\u2019s future morbidity and mortality risk. Higher RRP and ERP was each associated with higher continuous birth weight and lower odds for low birth weight and small for gestational age, with evidence for effect modification by maternal race. On average, per interquartile range increase in RRP, the birth weight was 10.0 g (95% confidence interval: 8.0, 12.0) higher among babies born to white mothers versus 6.9 g (95% CI: 4.8, 9.0) higher among those born to black mothers. For ERP, it was 18.6 g (95% CI: 15.7, 21.5) higher among those that were born to white mothers versus 1.8 g (95% CI: \u22124.2, 7.8) higher among those born to black mothers. Racial and economic polarization towards more privileged groups was associated with healthier birth weight outcomes, with greater estimated effects in babies that were born to white mothers than those born to black mothers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T01:29:15Z","timestamp":1588123755000},"page":"3076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Racial Disparities in Associations between Neighborhood Demographic Polarization and Birth Weight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8659-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin C.","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4453-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maayan","family":"Yitshak-Sade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1658-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Patricia","family":"Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itai","family":"Kloog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Koutrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime E.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Laden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2307\/2061773","article-title":"The age of extremes: Concentrated affluence and poverty in the twenty-first century","volume":"33","author":"Massey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303713","article-title":"Measures of Local Segregation for Monitoring Health Inequities by Local Health Departments","volume":"107","author":"Krieger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. 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