{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:46:17Z","timestamp":1779914777834,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011611","name":"Shinshu Public Utility Foundation for Promotion of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011611","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mount Ontake in Nagano Prefecture, Japan erupted on 27 September 2014. Many police officers were called in for duty as a disaster-support task force. We investigated the association between the peritraumatic situation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in these police officers. In January 2015, a health survey (OHS) on disaster stress related to the Mt. Ontake eruption disaster support work was distributed to all of the police officers and staff involved in the disaster support. We analyzed the 213 participants who had PTSD symptoms following the eruption and no missing OHS data. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to clarify the relationship between the participants\u2019 symptom severity and their peritraumatic situation (i.e., stressors and daily support prior to the eruption, disaster-support work duties, and postdisaster stress relief). The symptom severity was associated with \u2018more than seven cumulative days at work\u2019 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.47, 1.21\u20135.06), \u2018selecting drinking and\/or smoking as stress relief after disaster-support work\u2019 (OR = 2.35, 1.09\u20135.04), and \u2018female\u2019 (OR = 3.58, 1.19\u201310.77). As disaster-support work, \u2018supporting the victims\u2019 families\u2019 (OR = 1.99, 0.95\u20134.21) tended to be associated with symptom severity. The number of days of disaster-support work, stress-relief behavior, and gender were associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"3134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Risk Factors for Duty-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Police Officers in the Mt. Ontake Eruption Disaster-Support Task Force"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Kamijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto-shi, Nagano 390-8621, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1563-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teruomi","family":"Tsukahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto-shi, Nagano 390-8621, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto-shi, Nagano 390-8621, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihito","family":"Shimazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1702-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Nomiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto-shi, Nagano 390-8621, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto-shi, Nagano 390-8621, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Medical Problems of Casualties and Rescurers on Mt.Ontake Volcanic Eruption","volume":"35","author":"Oshiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Mt. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181638685","article-title":"Mental health outcomes in police personnel after Hurricane Katrina","volume":"50","author":"West","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.7.934","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder following an air disaster: A prospective study","volume":"155","author":"Epstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.8.1370","article-title":"Acute stress disorder posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers","volume":"161","author":"Fullerton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0408-2","article-title":"Rescuers at risk: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers","volume":"47","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.001","article-title":"Predictors of posttraumatic stress in police and other first responders","volume":"1071","author":"Marmar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700022352","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: An epidemiological study","volume":"21","author":"Davidson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder In the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20576","article-title":"Frequency and Severity Approaches to Indexing Exposure to Trauma: The Critical Incident History Questionnaire for Police Officers","volume":"23","author":"Weiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21996","article-title":"Critical Incident History Questionnaire Replication: Frequency and Severity of Trauma Exposure Among Officers From Small and Midsize Police Agencies","volume":"28","author":"Chopko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510210429446","article-title":"Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police","volume":"25","author":"Liberman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Policing Int. J. Police Strat. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181b975f8","article-title":"Routine Work Environment Stress and PTSD Symptoms in Police Officers","volume":"197","author":"Maguen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038348","article-title":"Coping, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol involvement in trauma-exposed college students in the first three years of college","volume":"28","author":"Read","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2012.719340","article-title":"Associations Between Police Stress and Alcohol Use: Implications for Practice","volume":"18","author":"Chopko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Alcohol related problems following a disaster: Knowledge gained from the Great 1995 Hanshin Earthquake","volume":"41","author":"Noda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"175","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Use Disorders after Disasters","volume":"10","author":"Matsushita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.08.006","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms and smoking among World Trade Center disaster responders: A longitudinal investigation","volume":"63","author":"Zvolensky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.1.20","article-title":"Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?","volume":"59","author":"Bonanno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104526","article-title":"Resilience to Loss and Potential Trauma","volume":"Volume 7","author":"NolenHoeksema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X12001070","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress in professional firefighters in Japan: Rescue efforts after the Great East Japan Earthquake (Higashi Nihon Dai-Shinsai)","volume":"27","author":"Fushimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prehosp. Disaster Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144037","article-title":"First responders: Mental health consequences of natural and human-made disasters for public health and public safety workers","volume":"28","author":"Benedek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.4.445","article-title":"The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale","volume":"9","author":"Foa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqn062","article-title":"Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS)","volume":"58","author":"McCarthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Med. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"51","article-title":"Development of the Japanese version of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale: Ascertaining its Reliability and Validity Among University Student","volume":"5","author":"Nagae","year":"2007","journal-title":"Japanese J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Brunner\/Mazel, P. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. Compassion fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized, Brunner-Routledge."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113","article-title":"Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC)","volume":"18","author":"Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"294","article-title":"Reliability and validity of Japanese version of Conner-Davidson Resilience scale(CD-RISC): Consideration among general adults and university students","volume":"22","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Natl. Inst. Ment. Health Natl. Cent. Neurol. Psychiatry 2009"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.01.015","article-title":"Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Japan: Results from the World Mental Health Japan Survey","volume":"53","author":"Kawakami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764006061248","article-title":"Trauma and posttraumatic reactions in German development aid workers: Prevalences and relationship to social acknowledgement","volume":"52","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howgego, I.M., Owen, C., Meldrum, L., Yellowlees, P., Dark, F., and Parslow, R. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory study examining rates of trauma and PTSD and its effect on client outcomes in community mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-5-21"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079363","article-title":"Psychological responses of rescue workers: Fire fighters and trauma","volume":"62","author":"Fullerton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxi003","article-title":"The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters","volume":"27","author":"Galea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001353","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Neria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002184","article-title":"DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder among World Trade Center responders 11-13 years after the disaster of 11 September 2001 (9\/11)","volume":"46","author":"Bromet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effect of Critical Incident Stress among rescue workers who were dispatched to the Great East Japan Earthquake distress area","volume":"7","author":"Osawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn. Bull. Trauma. Stress Stud."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"13","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of critical incident stress and mental health among firefighters dispatched to areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake","volume":"44","author":"Nojima","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Kyorin Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishi, D., Koido, Y., Nakaya, N., Sone, T., Noguchi, H., Hamazaki, K., Hamazaki, T., and Matsuoka, Y. (2012). Peritraumatic distress, watching television, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among rescue workers after the Great East Japan earthquake. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035248"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.6.959","article-title":"Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research","volume":"132","author":"Tolin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.183","article-title":"Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"133","author":"Olff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20876","article-title":"Gender differences in probable posttraumatic stress disorder among police responders to the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attack","volume":"53","author":"Bowler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562840","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1562840","article-title":"Secondary traumatization in first responders: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Greinacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Kato, H., and Asukai, N. (2004). A Large Scale Survey of Fire Fighters following the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. Jpn. J. Trauma. Stress, 2."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Hargrave, P.A.L. (2010). Sudden death: The impact of the immediate aftermath on police officers, victim support workers, and bereaved survivors. [Ph.D. Thesis, Massey University]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagamine, M., Shigemura, J., Fujiwara, T., Waki, F., Tanichi, M., Saito, T., Toda, H., Yoshino, A., and Shimizu, K. (2018). The relationship between dispositional empathy, psychological distress, and posttraumatic stress responses among Japanese uniformed disaster workers: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1915-4"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2014.05.001","article-title":"Secondary traumatic stress among emergency nurses: A cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Duffy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunst, M.J., Saan, M.C., Bollen, L.J., and Kuijpers, K.F. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress and secondary posttraumatic growth in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers. Stress Health.","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2741"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"391","article-title":"Stress and Alcohol Epidemiologic Evidence","volume":"34","author":"Keyes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/3134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:24:11Z","timestamp":1760361851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/3134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17093134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17093134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]}}}