{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:49:15Z","timestamp":1760237355486,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Governments and clinicians that were fully involved in the dramatic SARS-CoV-2 outbreak during the last few weeks in Italy (and more or less all over the world) are fiercely debating the use of methods for screening this viral infection. Thus, all countries are employing a lot of resources in order to test more and more subjects. For this purpose, there are different strategies, based on either direct or indirect tests. Among the first category, the main assays used for SARS-CoV-2 are based on a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Such tests can be performed on nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for the categories of those with symptoms and those potentially exposed. In order to integrate the molecular assays in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, a wide range of serology immunoassays (IAs) have also been developed. If we want to identify \u201cimmune\u201d people in order to let them to come back to work, serology is the best (and probably the only) approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T11:26:00Z","timestamp":1588937160000},"page":"3289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swabs, And\/Or Serology for SARS COVID-19: What Are We Looking For?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0977-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sanduzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Monaldi Hospital, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Staff of The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Sanduzzi Zamparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Monaldi Hospital, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.009","article-title":"Positive rate of RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 4880 cases from one hospital in Wuhan, China, from Jan to Feb 2020","volume":"505","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y.W., Schmitz, J.E., Persing, D.H., and Stratton, C.W. (2020). The laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 infection: Current issues and challenges. J. Clin. Microbiol.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00512-20"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, C., Cui, J., Huang, L., Du, B., Chen, L., Xue, G., Li, S., Zhang, W., Zhao, L., and Sun, Y. (2020). Rapid and visual detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.065","article-title":"Diagnostic value and dynamic variance of serum antibody in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"94","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9","article-title":"Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729071","article-title":"Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: Implication of multiple shedding routes","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6536","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103102","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Amy Orciari, H. (2020, April 15). SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies undetectable in some recovered patients.. Available online: https:\/\/firstwatch.jwatch.org."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlke, C., Heidepriem, J., Kobbe, R., Santer, R., Koch, T., Fathi, A., Ly, M.Y., Schmiedel, S., and Seeberger, P.H. (2020). ID-UKE COVID-19 study group; et al. Distinct early IgA profile may determine severity of COVID-19 symptoms: An immunological case series. BMJ.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.14.20059733"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Laboratory Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Suspected Human Cases\u201d, Interim Guidance, 2 March 2020, WHO."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/3289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:26:53Z","timestamp":1760174813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/9\/3289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17093289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17093289","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]}}}