{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:38:42Z","timestamp":1792024722504,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: While a large amount of medical literature has explored the association between Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), less attention has been dedicated to the typologies of SUD and their relationships with ADHD-specific symptomatology and general psychopathology in dual disorder patients. Methods: We selected 72 patients (aged 18\u201365) with a concomitant SUD out of 120 adults with ADHD (A-ADHD). Assessment instruments included the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 2.0), Conner\u2019s Adult ADHD Rating Scales\u2013Observer (CAARS-O:S): Short Version, the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I and II Disorders (SCID-I), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), the Brief Psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), the Reactivity Intensity Polarity Stability Questionnaire (RIPoSt-40), the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). A factorial analysis was performed to group our patients by clusters in different typologies of substance use and correlations between SUDs, as made evident by their typological and diagnostic features; in addition, specific ADHD symptoms, severity of general psychopathology and patients\u2019 functionality were assessed. Results: Two patterns of substance use were identified: the first (type 1) characterized by stimulants\/alcohol and the second (type 2) by the use of cannabinoids (THC). Type 1 users were significantly younger and had more legal problems. The two patterns were similar in terms of ADHD-specific symptomatology and its severity at treatment entry. No differences were found regarding the other scales assessed, except for lower scores at MEQ in type 1 users. Conclusions: At treatment entry, the presence of different comorbid SUD clusters do not affect ADHD-specific symptomatology or severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T02:43:42Z","timestamp":1589769822000},"page":"3509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Substance Use Disorder in Adult-Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients: Patterns of Use and Related Clinical Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vincenza","family":"Spera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PISA-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pallucchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PISA-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Maiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PISA-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1447-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo G. I.","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PISA-School of Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Region NHS Local Health Unit, Versilia Zone, 55049 Viareggio, Italy"},{"name":"Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social Aims (AU-CNS), 55045 Pietrasanta, Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Perugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Icro","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social Aims (AU-CNS), 55045 Pietrasanta, Lucca, Italy"},{"name":"G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioral Sciences, 56100 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Vincent P. Dole Dual Disorder Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.4.716","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"163","author":"Kessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. 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