{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:51:37Z","timestamp":1760237497784,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]],"date-time":"2020-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by the R + D + R National Project: \u201cHybrid learning models for educational intervention with unaccompanied foreign minors (UFM)\u201d. Effective tools for school and social integration","award":["EDU2017-88641-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDU2017-88641-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spain is one of the countries with the greatest influx of immigrants and, specifically, of unaccompanied foreign minors (UFMs). The educational and social inclusion of unaccompanied foreign minors poses both a challenge and a threat to current policy. Nonetheless, studies linking educational aspects to the phenomenon of the integration of these children are scarce and do not specify the most influential educational tools and strategies. In this sense, a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional research study is presented. The aim of this study is to examine whether variables such as age and the use of applications and social networks determine the personal learning environments (PLE) of unaccompanied foreign minors. The sample of the present study was formed by 624 individuals (\u2642 = 92.1% (n = 575); \u2640 = 7.9% (n = 49)) aged between 8 and 17 years old. The majority came from Morocco and resided in the cities of Ceuta and Melilla. The \u201cPLE and Social Integration of UFMs\u201d questionnaire was used as the study instrument. Amongst the main findings, significant differences are highlighted in the personal learning environments as a function of age-related psychosocial factors as they pertain to unaccompanied foreign minors. Four factors were seen to exist in relation to the personal learning environments of unaccompanied foreign minors: self-concept of the learning process, planning and management of learning, use of resources and tools, and communication and social interaction. The same trend was observed in the four factors, with older age groups reporting better scores. On the other hand, results show that the use of applications and social networks have a significant and favourable impact on personal learning environment construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1590389020000},"page":"3700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Analysis of Personal Learning Environments and Age-Related Psychosocial Factors of Unaccompanied Foreign Minors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1382-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Tom\u00e9-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Methods of Research, Faculty of Education, University of Granada, 10871 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7417-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garnica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Methods of Research, Faculty of Education, University of Granada, 10871 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8826-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asunci\u00f3n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Methods of Research, Faculty of Education, University of Granada, 10871 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0558-1513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Mar\u00eda","family":"Olmedo-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Methods of Research, Faculty of Education, University of Granada, 10871 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Facing the Specter of Immigration in Biutiful","volume":"69","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Symp.: A Q. 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