{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:34Z","timestamp":1760177434476,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Projects","award":["CMRPG8D0581, CMRPG2G0071, CLRPG2C0023 and CGRPG2F0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8D0581, CMRPG2G0071, CLRPG2C0023 and CGRPG2F0021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to examine the co-occurrence rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adrenal gland disorders, as well as whether pharmacotherapy may affect ADHD patients\u2019 risk of developing adrenal gland disorder. One group of patients newly diagnosed with ADHD (n = 75,247) and one group of age- and gender-matching controls (n = 75,247) were chosen from Taiwan\u2032s National Health Insurance database during the period of January 1999 to December 2011. Both patients and controls were monitored through December 31, 2011, in order to identify the occurrence of adrenal gland disorders (ICD-9-CM code 255.X). We also explored the potential effect of methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX) treatments on the risk of developing adrenal gland disorders. We found that ADHD patients showed a significantly increased probability of developing an adrenal gland disorder compared to the control group (0.2% of ADHD vs. 0.1% of controls). However, neither MPH nor ATX treatment significantly influenced the patients\u2019 risk of developing adrenal gland dysfunction. We propose that patients with ADHD had greater comorbid rates with adrenal gland dysfunction than the control subjects. Nevertheless, undergoing treatment with MPH or ATX did not significantly influence the risk of developing adrenal gland dysfunction among ADHD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1590389020000},"page":"3709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder, Its Pharmacotherapy, and Adrenal Gland Dysfunction: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1016-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pin-Han","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng-Yun","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7796-9643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Cheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chiau","family":"Shyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5320-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang-Jen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","article-title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181471","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1471","article-title":"Twenty-Year Trends in Diagnosed Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder among US Children and Adolescents, 1997\u20132016","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. 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