{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1781644031320,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Kore","award":["NRF-2018S1A3A2075332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018S1A3A2075332"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bike sharing is increasingly attracting more riders in cities around the world for its benefits regarding the urban environment and public health. The public bike sharing program of Seoul, South Korea, first launched in October 2015, is now widely spread around the city and serves more than 27,000 riders daily. However, concerns are being raised as rising air pollution levels in Seoul, represented by particulate matter (PM) levels, in recent years may negatively discourage citizens from using bike sharing. This study investigates the impact of PM10 and PM2.5 levels on bike sharing use in Seoul and seeks to identify any seasonal differences. A series of negative binomial regression models, which take into account control variables like weather conditions and calendar events, are adopted to empirically measure the impacts. Results show that the PM levels yield statistically significant negative impacts (p &lt; 0.01) on bike sharing use throughout the year. The impacts are particularly stronger in winter and spring, when the PM levels are higher. Findings suggest that PM levels may operate as driving factors for bike sharing use in addition to meteorological conditions like temperature, humidity, and precipitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T03:32:21Z","timestamp":1591327941000},"page":"3999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Seasonal Impacts of Particulate Matter Levels on Bike Sharing in Seoul, South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungkyoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Design and Planning, Hongik University, 94 Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04066, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3141\/2143-20","article-title":"Bikesharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"2143","author":"Shaheen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. 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