{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:55:17Z","timestamp":1787100917189,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Countries of lower Mekong regions are highly alarmed by the spread of fish-borne trematode infections, i.e., small liver flukes and minute intestinal flukes especially in Thailand, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Vietnam, Cambodia and Myanmar. Moreover; the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma has also been increasing in the endemic area of liver fluke infections. Only a few reports have been published concerning the fish-borne trematodes infections in the central region of Myanmar. However; there is still a lack of information regarding the status of trematodes infections in second intermediate hosts in the Mekong region of Myanmar. Therefore, we conducted surveillance on the distribution of trematode metacercariae in small cyprinoid fishes collected from the Mekong region of Myanmar. A total of 689 fishes (12 different species of cyprinoid fishes) have been collected and examined by pepsin digestion methods. We discovered four species of fish-borne trematode metacercariae infections, i.e., carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini; minute intestinal flukes, Haplorchis taichui; Haplorchis pumilio and Haplorchoides sp. in Tachileik, the Mekong Region of Myanmar. The outcome of this study could be a useful index for the fish-borne zoonotic trematode epidemiology in the Mekong area. Besides, the results of our study contribute to filling the gap of information necessary for the control and prevention of fish-borne trematode zoonotic infections in the Mekong region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T06:34:16Z","timestamp":1591684456000},"page":"4108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Discovery of Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Metacercariae in Second Intermediate Hosts and Surveillance on Fish-Borne Trematode Metacercariae Infections in Mekong Region of Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ei Ei","family":"Phyo Myint","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Research Unit, Graduate Studies Division, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amornpun","family":"Sereemaspun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joacim","family":"Rockl\u00f6v","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Ume\u00e5 University, SE\u2013901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choosak","family":"Nithikathkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Research Unit, Graduate Studies Division, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1312.070554","article-title":"Fish-borne zoonotic intestinal trematodes, Vietnam","volume":"13","author":"Waikagul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"The occurrence of heterophyid metacercariae in cyprinoid fish in Chiang Mai province","volume":"39","author":"Saenphet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02011-08","article-title":"PCR diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis taichui infections in a Lao community in an area of endemicity and comparison of diagnostic methods for parasitological field surveys","volume":"47","author":"Lovis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.02.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini","volume":"88","author":"Sithithaworn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2017.55.6.631","article-title":"Zoonotic trematode metacercariae in fish from Yangon, Myanmar and their adults recovered from experimental animals","volume":"55","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2012.50.4.391","article-title":"Human infections with liver and minute intestinal flukes in Guangxi, China: Analysis by DNA sequencing, ultrasonography, and immunoaffinity chromatography","volume":"50","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"8","article-title":"Motility of minute intestinal fluke, Haplorchinae spp., metacercariae in fish dishes prepared by different uncooked methods","volume":"4","author":"Wiwanitkit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medscape J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.081147","article-title":"Animal reservoir hosts and fish-borne zoonotic trematode infections on fish farms, Vietnam","volume":"15","author":"Anh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.03.002","article-title":"Discovery of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in freshwater fish in southern Cambodia","volume":"111","author":"Touch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.02.028","article-title":"Opisthorchis viverrini infection in the snail and fish intermediate hosts in Central Vietnam","volume":"170","author":"Dao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.11.023","article-title":"Potential risk of a liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infection brought by immigrants from prevalent areas: A case study in the lower Northern Thailand","volume":"178","author":"Pumidonming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-09","article-title":"Food-borne trematodiases","volume":"22","author":"Keiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.026","article-title":"Emerging food-borne parasites","volume":"163","author":"Dorny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01943.x","article-title":"Occurrence and species distribution of fish-borne zoonotic trematodes in wastewater-fed aquaculture in northern Vietnam","volume":"12","author":"Hop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.08.014","article-title":"The current status of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin","volume":"61","author":"Sithithaworn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1299","article-title":"Species identification of medically important trematodes in aquatic food samples using PCR-RFLP targeting 18S rRNA","volume":"10","author":"Pyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Murell, K.D., and Pozio, E. (2017). The liver flukes: Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp., and Metorchis spp.. Glob. Water Pathog. Proj. Part."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1515\/helm-2017-0036","article-title":"Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini in an endemic area of Thailand, an integrative approach","volume":"54","author":"Prakobwong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2018.05.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of Opisthorchis viverrini infection","volume":"101","author":"Suwannatrai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"36","article-title":"Intestinal heterophyidiasis: An emerging food-borne parasitic zoonosis in southern Philippines","volume":"32","author":"Belizario","year":"2001","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"451","article-title":"High prevalence of Haplorchis taichui metacercariae in cyprinoid fish from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand","volume":"36","author":"Kumchoo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.01.007","article-title":"Prevalence of fish-borne trematodes of the family Heterophyidae at Pasak Cholasid Reservoir, Thailand","volume":"156","author":"Krailas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-013-0155-5","article-title":"Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans","volume":"58","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.06.015","article-title":"Raw attitudes, wetland cultures, life-cycles: Socio-cultural dynamics relating to Opisthorchis viverrini in the Mekong Basin","volume":"61","author":"Andrews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"86","article-title":"The diagnosis of human opisthorchiasis","volume":"33","author":"Jamornthanyawat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2019.10.2270","article-title":"Changing trend of Cholangiocarcinoma in 4 Years (Myanmar)","volume":"21","author":"Kyaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S133292","article-title":"Taylor-Robinson SD. Opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia: An unresolved problem","volume":"10","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100422","article-title":"Freshwater aquaculture nurseries and infection of fish with zoonotic trematodes, Vietnam","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.10.006","article-title":"Association between Opisthorchis viverrini and Leptospira spp. infection in endemic Northeast Thailand","volume":"66","author":"Van","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Punsawad, C., Phasuk, N., Bunratsami, S., Thongtup, K., Siripakonuaong, N., and Nongnaul, S. (2017). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and associated risk factors among village health volunteers in rural communities of southern Thailand. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4486-2"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2008.46.2.109","article-title":"Prevalence of Haplorchis taichui and Haplorchoides sp. metacercariae in freshwater fish from water reservoirs, Chiang Mai, Thailand","volume":"46","author":"Nithikathkul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1515-4","article-title":"Current status of food-borne trematode infections","volume":"31","author":"Toledo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2009.47.S.S103","article-title":"Fish-borne zoonotic trematode metacercariae in the Republic of Korea","volume":"47","author":"Sohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.10.003","article-title":"Co-infection with Opisthorchis viverrini and Haplorchis taichui detected by human fecal examination in Chomtong district, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand","volume":"61","author":"Wongsawad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.6.703","article-title":"Distribution and abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in cyprinid fish in Northeastern Thailand","volume":"51","author":"Pinlaor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.07.006","article-title":"Opisthorchiasis and Opisthorchis-associated cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand and Laos","volume":"120","author":"Sripa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.02.002","article-title":"Immunology and molecular biology of Opisthorchis viverrini infection","volume":"88","author":"Wongratanacheewin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0304-y","article-title":"Genetic variation in Opisthorchis viverrini (Trematoda: Opisthorchiidae) from northeast Thailand and Laos PDR based on random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses","volume":"100","author":"Sithithaworn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.4.447","article-title":"Infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in fishes from Vientiane Municipality and Champasak Province in Lao PDR","volume":"53","author":"Eom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seasonal variation of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercarial infection in cyprinid fish from Southern Cambodia","volume":"36","author":"Touch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.01.016","article-title":"Morphological and molecular identification of the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini in the first intermediate host Bithynia snails and its prevalence in Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia","volume":"66","author":"Sinuon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2013.12.003","article-title":"Field survey focused on Opisthorchis viverrini infection in five provinces of Cambodia","volume":"63","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"13","article-title":"Emerging helminths infection in snails and cyprinoid fish in sewage treatment wetlands waters in Cambodia","volume":"7","author":"Piangjai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Water Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.07.027","article-title":"Prevalence and risks for fishborne zoonotic trematode infections in domestic animals in a highly endemic area of North Vietnam","volume":"112","author":"Anh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.06.011","article-title":"Haplorchis pumilio and H. taichui in Vietnam discriminated using ITS-2 DNA sequence data from adults and larvae","volume":"123","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Thi Phan, A.K., Nguyen, K.V., Madsen, H., and Dalsgaard, A. (2010). Farm-level risk factors for fish-borne zoonotic trematode infection in integrated small-scale fish farms in northern Vietnam. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000742"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0670","article-title":"Raw-fish-eating behavior and fishborne zoonotic trematode infection in people of northern Vietnam","volume":"8","author":"Phan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aung, W.P., Htoon, T.T., Tin, H.H., Thinn, K.K., Sanpool, O., Jongthawin, J., Sadaow, L., Phosuk, I., Rodpai, R., and Intapan, P.M. (2017). First report and molecular identification of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in human communities from Lower Myanmar. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177130"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.05.009","article-title":"Human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Trematoda, Opisthorchiidae) in Central Myanmar: New records of adults and metacercariae identified by morphology and molecular analysis","volume":"185","author":"Sanpool","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2507.190495","article-title":"Low-Grade Endemicity of Opisthorchiasis, Yangon, Myanmar","volume":"25","author":"Sohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2013.51.6.719","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial genome of Haplorchis taichui and comparative analysis with other trematodes","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2009.47.3.249","article-title":"Fishborne trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China","volume":"47","author":"Sohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"29","article-title":"The prevalence of human intestinal fluke infections, Haplorchis taichui, in thiarid snails and cyprinid fish in Bo Kluea District and Pua District, Nan Province, Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Boonmekam","year":"2016","journal-title":"SEHS"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"55","article-title":"Observations on the metacercarial cyst of Haplorchis taichui and its development in experimental hosts","volume":"43","author":"Nath","year":"1973","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.013","article-title":"Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues","volume":"35","author":"Chai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0643-6","article-title":"Current status of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infections in Gia Vien district, Ninh Binh province, Vietnam","volume":"8","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612014082","article-title":"Studies on some fish parasites of public health importance in the southern area of Saudi Arabia","volume":"23","author":"Khalil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"171","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of opisthorchiid and heterophyid metacercariae (Trematoda) infecting flesh of cyprinid fish from Nam Ngum Dam Lake in Laos","volume":"22","author":"Scholz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2018-0034","article-title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of Haplorchoides mehrai Pande and Shukla 1976 (Digenea: Heterophyidae) from Chiang Mai province","volume":"55","author":"Apiwong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helminthologia"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/11\/4108\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:37:00Z","timestamp":1760175420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/11\/4108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph17114108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17114108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]}}}