{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:19:24Z","timestamp":1793085564429,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BR\/175\/A5\/UN-MENAMAIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR\/175\/A5\/UN-MENAMAIS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexual violence (SV) is an important public health issue with a major impact on victims and their peers, offspring and community. However, SV in older adults is under-researched. This paper aims to establish the prevalence and nature of SV in older adults in Europe, link this with existing policies and health care workers\u2019 response to sexual health needs in older age, and critically revise the currently used frameworks in public health research. To fill this gap in the literature, we applied a Critical Interpretative Synthesis (CIS) approach. The CIS approach uses techniques from grounded theory and processes from systematic review. It allows to critically interpret key findings from both academic as well as grey literature, engendering theory refining. In the first phase of purposive sampling, we conducted a systematic review of academic sources and included 14 references. The cut-off age used to define old age varied between 60 and 70 years old among the included studies. Subsequently we added another 14 references in the second phase of theoretical sampling. We ultimately included 16 peer-reviewed articles and 12 documents from the grey literature. The CIS results demonstrate that knowledge of SV in older adults is still limited. The current research suggests that SV in older adults rarely occurs, however, prevalence rates are likely to be underestimated because of methodological shortcomings. The complexity of SV in older adults is not acknowledged in ongoing research due to the conflation of SV with other types of violence. Information on specific risk factors and about assailants committing SV in old age is absent. Policy documents dealing with sexual and reproductive health, rights and ageing make no mention of SV in older adults. In clinical practice, the sexual health needs of older adults often remain unmet. In conclusion, our findings suggest that older adults are forgotten in prevention and response to SV. Greater awareness about this topic could contribute to a revision of current policies and health care practices, leading to more tailored care for older victims of SV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T08:49:11Z","timestamp":1591692551000},"page":"4117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["\u201cToo Grey To Be True?\u201d Sexual Violence in Older Adults: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0596-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Nobels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, ICRH, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9714-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Vandeviver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Beaulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work and Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"Cismaru Inescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESPRIst, \u00c9tudes et \u00e9valuations, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Nisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESPRIst, \u00c9tudes et \u00e9valuations, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nele","family":"Van Den Noortgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Vander Beken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7532-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilbert","family":"Lemmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1707-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Keygnaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, ICRH, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Violence Against Women (2018, April 05). Fact Sheet No. 239. 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