{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:42:54Z","timestamp":1787791374784,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the annual implementation of a robust and extensive indoor residual spraying programme against malaria vectors in Limpopo Province (South Africa), significant transmission continues and is a serious impediment to South Africa\u2019s malaria elimination objectives. In order to gain a better understanding regarding possible causes of this residual malaria, we conducted a literature review of the historical species composition and abundance of malaria vector mosquitoes in the Limpopo River Valley region of the Vhembe District, northern Limpopo Province, the region with the highest remaining annual malaria cases in South Africa. In addition, mosquito surveys were carried out in the same region between October 2017 and October 2018. A total of 2225 adult mosquitoes were collected using CO2-baited tent and light traps, human landing catches and cow-baited traps. Of the 1443 Anopheles collected, 516 were members of the An. gambiae complex and 511 An. funestus group. In the malaria endemic rural areas outside the Kruger National Park, one specimen each of An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus and only three of An. arabiensis were collected. The latter species was abundant at a remote hot spring in the neighboring Kruger National Park. Eighteen other species of Anopheles were collected. Our survey results support the historical findings that An. arabiensis, the species widely held to be the prime malaria vector in South Africa, is a rare species in the malaria endemic Limpopo River Valley. The implications of the mosquito surveys for malaria transmission, elimination and vector control in northern Limpopo Province and neighboring regions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T05:11:46Z","timestamp":1591765906000},"page":"4125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Malaria Vectors and Vector Surveillance in Limpopo Province (South Africa): 1927 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Braack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riana","family":"Bornman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taneshka","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yael","family":"Dahan-Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic &amp; Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg2001, South Africa"},{"name":"Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic &amp; Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg2001, South Africa"},{"name":"Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic &amp; Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg2001, South Africa"},{"name":"Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0658-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sh\u00fcn\u00e9 V.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Reference Laboratory, Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic &amp; 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